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256 pages, Hardcover
First published January 7, 2025
Before I left New York and especially after, I became obsessed with history. And when I say “history,” what I really mean is a very specific tradition on the political left that uses history to explain economic, political, technological, and cultural conditions. In the Y2K Era, this tradition was pronounced dead (it’s what Francis Fukuyama meant when he said we were at the End of History). But in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, it seemed I had completely misunderstood the world, and I wanted to know what really happened. Most of all, I wanted to know how I fit into that story.Does what it sez on the tin: this is an admirable quest by one young American to make sense of her own coming of age in a culture riven by all the fault lines of an era of confident, supposedly infinite expansiion.
So I read and I read and I read.
Neoliberalism, I would later learn, is obsessed with the term lean. Lean is part of what critic John Patrick Leary calls “late capitalist body talk,” alongside words like flexible and nimble.It was an era when unions were passé (Or, as Carrie told Charlotte on a 1999 episode of Sex and the City, “It’s the millennium, sweetie. We don’t say things like ‘working class’ anymore.”) and when poverty was your own damn fault (Because service jobs weren’t real jobs. They were low-skilled labor. They were for people who were stupid or lazy or both. “What you earn depends on what you can learn,” said Bill Clinton on the 1992 campaign trail, explaining, basically, why we couldn’t give fast-food workers benefits or a living wage.) It was the era of endless optimism, bookended by two giant economic bubbles, the so-called tech (or, "the New Economy", 1999-2001) and real-estate bubbles which were really driven by financialization (and the deregulation thereof) that began with Jimmy Carter.
Nimble and flexible mean that you bend the ways you are told to bend, jump the ways you are told to jump, pose the ways you are told to pose. When the photographer Terry Richardson cavorts naked around photo sets and waggles his dick in your face—as one model would later allege—you do what he tells you, because there is no guarantee that if you don’t you will keep working, and you must take responsibility for yourself and your debts to your modeling agency [in an era when the models most in demand were from penniless, desperate post-Soviet nations].
Lean imagines the firm and the self as “a disciplined, practiced body”: you make do with less, you maximize your effort and productivity, you do two people’s jobs for the same pay. Lean imagines the nation this way, too, and so the policies it promotes are austerity: cutting social programs, cutting infrastructure funding, reducing deficits. Reduce, reduce, reduce. It is economic anorexia.