Number Theory

Number theory or, in older usage, arithmetic is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers. It is sometimes called "The Queen of Mathematics" because of its foundational place in the discipline. Number theorists study prime numbers as well as the properties of objects made out of integers (e.g., rational numbers) or defined as generalizations of the integers (e.g., algebraic integers).

Integers can be considered either in themselves or as solutions to equations (Diophantine geometry). Questions in number theory are often best understood through the study of anal
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Elementary Number Theory
An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers
A Classical Introduction to Modern Number Theory (Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 84)
Fermat's Enigma
An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers
Introduction to Analytic Number Theory (Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics)
Rational Points on Elliptic Curves (Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics)
The Higher Arithmetic: An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers
A Concise Introduction to the Theory of Numbers
Prime Numbers and the Riemann Hypothesis
Elements of Number Theory (Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics)
The Music of the Primes
104 Number Theory Problems: From the Training of the USA IMO Team
Number Theory (Dover Books on Mathematics)
A Computational Introduction to Number Theory and Algebra
An Introduction To The Theory Of Numbers by G.H. HardyA classical introduction to modern number theory by Kenneth F. IrelandRational Points on Elliptic Curves by Joseph H. SilvermanThe Higher Arithmetic by Harold DavenportA Course in Arithmetic (Graduate Texts in Mathematics, Vol. 7) by Jean-Pierre Serre
Number Theory (MMath)
50 books — 8 voters
Machine Learning by Samuel HackReal and Complex Analysis by Walter RudinVisual Complex Analysis by Tristan NeedhamGreek Mathematical Works, Volume I by Ivor  ThomasThe Math of Neural Networks by Michael Taylor
Not Pop-Science - Mathematics
108 books — 9 voters



It is a matter for considerable regret that Fermat, who cultivated the theory of numbers with so much success, did not leave us with the proofs of the theorems he discovered. In truth, Messrs Euler and Lagrange, who have not disdained this kind of research, have proved most of these theorems, and have even substituted extensive theories for the isolated propositions of Fermat. But there are several proofs which have resisted their efforts. ...more
Adrien-Marie Legendre

John Derbyshire
Mathematicians call it “the arithmetic of congruences.” You can think of it as clock arithmetic. Temporarily replace the 12 on a clock face with 0. The 12 hours of the clock now read 0, 1, 2, 3, … up to 11. If the time is eight o’clock, and you add 9 hours, what do you get? Well, you get five o’clock. So in this arithmetic, 8 + 9 = 5; or, as mathematicians say, 8 + 9 ≡ 5 (mod 12), pronounced “eight plus nine is congruent to five, modulo twelve.
John Derbyshire, Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics

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