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February 28, 2019202 BC Coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place, initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty's rule over China
1710 In the Battle of Helsingborg, 14,000 Danish invaders under Jørgen Rantzau are decisively defeated by an equally sized Swedish force under Magnus Stenbock
1854 Republican Party formally organized in Ripon, Wisconsin
1915 WWI: After the French try to drive the Germans forces back into the Champagne region, they gain a few hundred yards - at the cost of 50,000 casualties
1947 February 28 Incident: Anti-government uprising in Taiwan is violently put down by Chiang Kai-shek and his Kuomintang-led Republic of China government with the loss of 18,000-28,000 lives. Marks the beginning of the White Terror.
1953 Francis Crick and James Watson discover the chemical structure of DNA-molecule (double-helix polymer)
1991 Gulf War ends after Iraq accepts a ceasefire following their retreat from Kuwait
March 1, 20191642 Georgeana (York) Maine became the 1st incorporated American city
1780 Pennsylvania becomes 1st US state to abolish slavery (for newborns only)
1847 Michigan becomes 1st English-speaking jurisdiction to abolish the death penalty (except for treason against the state)
1869 US Postage stamps showing scenes issued for 1st time. These pictorials showed a post horse and rider, a locomotive, a shield, an eagle and a ship, the Adriatic
1872 Yellowstone becomes the world's first national park
1954 US explodes Castle Bravo, 15 megaton hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll - most powerful nuclear device ever detonated by the US
March 2, 20191791 Long-distance communication speeds up with the unveiling of a semaphore machine in Paris
1807 US Congress bans the slave trade within the US, effective January 1, 1808
1888 The Convention of Constantinople signed, guaranteeing free maritime passage through the Suez Canal during war and peace
1946 Ho Chi Minh elected President of North Vietnam
1956 Morocco tears up the Treaty of Fez, declaring independence from France
1970 White government of Rhodesia declares itself a republic
2002 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan: US conventional forces first deployed as part of Operation Anaconda
March 3, 20191575 Indian Mughal Emperor Akbar defeats Bengali army at the Battle of Tukaroi
1857 Second Opium War: France and the United Kingdom declare war on China
1861 Alexander II of Russia signs the Emancipation Manifesto, freeing serfs and granting them the full rights of free citizens [O.S. Feb 19]
1887 Anne Sullivan begins teaching 6 year old blind-deaf Helen Keller
1917 1st major strike of the Russian "February Revolution" starts at the giant Putilov factory in Petrograd [OS=Feb 18]
1921 Toronto's Dr Banting & Dr Best announce discovery of insulin
1939 Mahatma Gandhi begins a fast in Mumbai (Bombay) to protest against autocratic rule in India
1943 Battle of the Bismarck Sea: Australian and American air forces devastate Japanese navy convoy
1991 Los Angeles police officers severely beat motorist Rodney King, the beating is famously captured on amateur video and later leads to riots when the police officers are acquitted
March 4, 20191238 Battle of the Sit River: Mongol forces of Batu Khan overcome Russians under Yuri II of Vladimir-Suzdal near Yaroslavl in Russia, ending Russian resistance
1801 Thomas Jefferson is the first US President to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C.
1861 Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated as the 16th US President
1902 American Automobile Association (AAA) founded in Chicago
1918 First recorded case of Spanish flu at Funston Army Camp, Kanas; start of worldwide pandemic killing 50-100 million
1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt inaugurated as 32nd US President, pledges to pull US out of the Depression, "We have nothing to fear but fear itself"
1936 1st flight of the airship Hindenburg at Friedrichshafen, Germany
2009 International Criminal Court issues an arrest warrant for Sudanese President Omar Hassan al-Bashir for war crimes and crimes against humanity in Darfur becoming the first sitting head of state to be indicted
March 5, 2019363 Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a campaign that brings about his own death
1046 Persian scholar Naser Khosrow begins the 7 year Middle Eastern journey which he will later describe in his book Safarnama
1496 English King Henry VII grants John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) a commission to explore for new lands
1770 Boston Massacre (Incident on King Street): British soldiers kill 5 men in a crowd throwing snowballs, stones and sticks at them. African American Crispus Attucks 1st to die; later held up as early black martyr. Massacre galvanizes anti-British feelings.
1946 Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech in Fulton, Missouri, popularizes the term and draws attention to the division of Europe
March 6, 20191479 Treaty of Alcaçovas: Portugal gives the Canary Islands to Castile in exchange for claims in West Africa
1836 Battle of the Alamo: After 13 days of fighting 1,500-3,000 Mexican soldiers overwhelm the Texan defenders, killing 182-257 Texans including William Travis, Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett
1857 Dred Scott Decision: US Supreme Court rules Africans cannot be US citizens
1869 Dmitri Mendeleev presents the first periodic table of the elements to the Russian Chemical Society
1899 "Aspirin" (acetylsalicylic acid) patented by Felix Hoffmann at German company Bayer
March 7, 2019161 Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, an unprecedented political arrangement in the Roman Empire
1530 English King Henry VIII's divorce request is denied by the Pope.
1876 Alexander Graham Bell receives a patent for the telephone in the US
1912 Roald Amundsen announces discovery of the South Pole
1936 Hitler breaks Treaty of Versailles by sending troops to the Rhineland
March 8, 20191531 Henry VIII recognised as supreme head of Church in England by the Convocation of Canterbury
1817 The New York Stock Exchange is founded
1867 British North America Act is passed in the House of Commons, serves as Canada's constitution for more than 100 years
1917 Russian "February Revolution" begins in earnest with protests celebrating International Woman's Day and riots in St Petersburg over food rations and conduct of the war [OS=Feb 23]
1948 US Supreme Court rules in McCollum v. Board of Education that religious instruction in public schools is unconstitutional
1973 The Provisional Irish Republican Army undertakes its first operation in Great Britain, planting four car bombs in London; 10 members of PIRA are arrested at Heathrow Airport while trying to leave the country
2014 Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 with 239 people loses contact and disappears, prompting the most expensive search effort in history
March 9, 2019141 BC Liu Che, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Han, assumes the throne of the Han Dynasty in China and rules for 54 years
1522 Martin Luther begins preaching his "Invocavit Sermons" in the German city of Wittenberg, reminding citizens to trust God's word rather than violence and thus helping bring to a close the revolutionary stage of the Reformation
1776 Publication of influential economics book "The Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith
1918 Russian Bolshevik Party becomes the Communist Party
1933 US Congress is called into special session by FDR, beginning its "100 days"
1961 Soviet flight Sputnik 9 carries and returns from orbit a dog named Chernushka (Blackie), frogs and a guinea pig
March 10, 2019241 BC First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end
1783 USS Alliance under Captain Barry fights and wins last naval battle of US Revolutionary War off Cape Canaveral
1861 West African political leader El Hadj Umar Tall seizes the city of Segou, destroying the Bambara Empire of Mali
1920 Home Rule Act passed by the British Parliament, dividing Ireland into two parts; it is rejected by the southern counties, where the Ango-Irish war continues for a year
1952 Military coup led by General Fulgencio Batista in Cuba
2000 The NASDAQ Composite stock market index peaks at 5132.52, signalling the beginning of the end of the dot-com boom
March 11, 2019843 Icon veneration officially re-instated in Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople
1502 Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty, crowned Shah of Persia (rules till 1524)
1918 Moscow becomes capital of revolutionary Russia
1966 Military coup led by Indonesian General Suharto breaks out
1985 Mikhail Gorbachev replaces Konstantin Chernenko as Soviet leader
2011 9.0 magnitude earthquake strikes 130 km (80 miles) east of Sendai, Japan, triggering a tsunami killing thousands of people and causing the second worst nuclear accident in history
2018 China's National People's Congress approves removal of term limits for a leader, will allow Xi Jinping presidency for life
March 12, 2019538 Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths, ends his siege of Rome, retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city in the hands of the victorious Roman general, Belisarius
1455 First record of Johannes Gutenberg's Bible, letter dated this day by Enea Silvio Piccolomini refers to the bible printed a year before
1860 Congress accepts Pre-emption Bill: free land in West for colonists
1930 Mohandas Gandhi begins 200m (300km) march protesting British salt tax
1994 Church of England ordains 1st 33 women priests
March 13, 2019624 Battle of Badr: Muhammad's Muslim forces win significant victory over Meccan army
1591 Battle at Tondibi: Moroccan army under Judar defeats Sultan Askia Ishaq II of Songhai
1781 William Herschel sees what he thinks is a "comet" but is actually the discovery of the planet Uranus
1884 Siege of Khartoum, Sudan begins by Mahdist forces, lasts 10 months
1903 Fall of the Sokoto Caliphate in Northern Nigeria, the British claim supremacy on over 500,000 square miles
1930 Clyde Tombaugh announces discovery of Pluto at Lowell Observatory
2003 The journal Nature reports that 350,000-year-old footprints of an upright-walking human have been found in Italy
March 14, 20191590 Battle of Ivry: French King Henry IV beats Catholic League during French Wars of Religion
1794 Eli Whitney patents the cotton gin machine revolutionizing the cotton industry in the southern US states
1900 Dutch botanist Hugo de Vries rediscovers Mendel's laws of genetics
1900 US currency goes on gold standard after Congress passes the Currency Act
1943 World War II: Kraków Ghetto is "liquidated"
2013 Xi Jinping is named as the new President of the People's Republic of China
March 15, 201944 BC Julius Caesar is stabbed to death by Brutus, Cassius and several other Roman senators on the Ides of March in Rome
221 Liu Bei, a Chinese warlord and member of the Han royal house, declares himself Emperor of Shu-Han, claiming legitimate succession to the Han Dynasty
1493 Christopher Columbus returns to Spain after his first voyage to the New World
1783 In an emotional speech in Newburgh, New York, George Washington asks his officers not to support the Newburgh Conspiracy. The plea is successful and the threatened coup d'etat never takes place.
1917 Nicholas II, the last Russian Tsar abdicates and nominates his brother Grand Duke Michael to succeed him [OS Mar 2]
1962 Five research groups announce the discovery of anti-matter
March 16, 2019597 BC Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king
1527 Battle of Khanua: Mughal Emperor Babur defeats Rajput forces led by Rana Sanga consolidating Mughal power
1660 English Long Parliament disbands
1792 King Gustav III of Sweden is shot by Count Jacob Johan Anckarström at a masked ball at the Opera; he dies on March 29
1867 First publication of an article by Joseph Lister outlining the discovery of antiseptic surgery, in "The Lancet"
1935 Adolf Hitler orders German re-armament in violation of The Treaty of Versailles
March 17, 2019432 Saint Patrick, aged about 16 is captured by Irish pirates from his home in Great Britain and taken as a slave to Ireland (traditional date)
1521 Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Philippines
1861 Italy is unified into a single kingdom under Victor Emmanuel II following the campaigns led by Giuseppe Garibaldi
1905 Albert Einstein finishes his scientific paper detailing his Quantum Theory of Light, one of the foundations of modern physics
1939 Battle of Nanchang between the Kuomintang and the Japanese breaks out (Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945)
1942 Bełżec Concentration Camp opens with the transport of 30,000 Lublin Polish Jews
March 18, 20191123 1st Latern Council (9th ecumenical council) opens in Rome, agreements of the Concordat of Worms ratified
1314 Jacques de Molay, the 23rd and the last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, is burned at the stake by King Philip IV of France
1325 According to legend, Tenochtitlan is founded on this date on an island in what was then Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico
1900 Japan uses its influence over Korea to deny Russia's efforts to obtain a naval station at Korean Port of Masampo, the lead up to the Russo-Japanese war
1922 British magistrates in India sentence Mahatma Gandhi to 6 years imprisonment for disobedience
1940 Benito Mussolini and Italy join Hitler in Germany's war against France & Britain
1965 Cosmonaut Alexey Leonov, leaving his spacecraft Voskhod 2 for 12 minutes, becomes the first person to walk in space
March 19, 20191279 A Mongolian victory at the naval Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China
1644 200 members of Peking imperial family and court commit suicide in loyalty to the Emperor
1863 Confederate cruiser SS Georgiana destroyed on her maiden voyage with a cargo of munitions, and medicines then valued over $1,000,000. Wreck discovered exactly 102 years later by teenage diver and pioneer underwater archaeologist E. Lee Spence.
1920 US Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles for 2nd time refusing to ratify League of Nations' covenant (maintaining isolation policy)
1932 The Sydney Harbour Bridge is opened
2003 Airstrikes by an American and British-led coalition signal the beginning of the invasion of Iraq, without United Nations support and in defiance of world opinion
March 20, 20191602 United Dutch East Indian Company (VOC) forms
1800 Alessandro Volta reports his discovery of the electric battery in a letter to Joseph Banks, president of the Royal Society of London
1815 Napoleon enters Paris after escape from Elba, begins 100-day rule
1890 German Emperor Wilhelm II fires chancellor Otto von Bismarck
1900 US Secretary of State John Hay announces that all nations to whom he sent notes calling for an 'open door' policy in China have essentially accepted his stand
1933 Dachau the first Nazi concentration camp, is completed
March 21, 20191349 Between 100 and 3,000 Jews are killed in Black Death riots in Efurt, Germany
1804 Napoleonic Code adopted in France, stresses clearly written and accessible law
1871 Journalist Henry Morton Stanley begins his famous expedition to Africa
1975 Ethiopia abolishes its monarchy after 3,000 years
2014 Russia formally annexes Crimea amid international condemenation
March 22, 20191622 First American Indian (Powhatan) massacre of Europeans in Jamestown Virginia, 347 killed
1765 Stamp Act passed; 1st direct British tax on American colonists, organized by Prime Minister George Grenville
1784 The Emerald Buddha is moved with great ceremony to its current place in Wat Phra Kaew, Thailand
1832 British Parliament, led by Charles Grey, passes the Reform Act, introducing wide-ranging changes to electoral system of England and Wales, increasing electorate from about 500,000 voters to 813,000
1954 Northland Center, the world's largest shopping mall of the time, opens in Oakpark, Michigan
1965 US confirms its troops used chemical warfare against the Vietcong
2018 US President Donald Trump imposes $60 billion worth of tariffs on Chinese imports
March 23, 20191490 1st dated edition of Maimonides "Mishneh Torah", a code of Jewish religious law is published
1775 Patrick Henry proclaims "Give me liberty or give me death" in speech in favour of Virginian troops joining US Revolutionary war
1919 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party re-establishes a five-member Politburo which becomes the center of political power in the Soviet Union. Original members Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Lev Kamenev and Nikolai Krestinsky
1933 Enabling Act: German Reichstag grants Adolf Hitler dictatorial powers
1945 Battle of Okinawa: US Navy ships bomb the Japanese island of Okinawa in preparation for the Allied invasion; it would become the largest battle of the Pacific War in World War II
March 24, 20191603 Scottish King James VI son of Mary Queen of Scots, becomes King James I of England in succession to Elizabeth I, thus joining the English and Scottish crowns.
1837 Canada gives its black citizens the right to vote
1882 German scientist Robert Koch discovers and describes the tubercle bacillus which causes tuberculosis ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
1976 Argentine President Isabel Martínez de Perón is deposed in a military coup
March 25, 201931 1st Easter, according to calendar-maker Dionysius Exiguus
1436 Florentine cathedral Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore with dome by Filippo Brunelleschi consecrated by Pope Eugene IV (begun 1296)
1807 British Parliament abolishes slave trade throughout the British Empire; penalty of £120 per slave introduced for ship captains
1895 Italian troops invade Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
1960 1st guided missile launched from nuclear powered sub (Halibut)
March 26, 20191027 Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II Holy Roman Emperor, founder of the Salian dynasty
1812 Earthquake measuring 7.7 on the Richter scale destroys 90% of Caracas, Venezuela and kills an estimated 15,000–20,000 people
1871 Municipal elections bring revolutionaries to power in Paris to form Commune government
1909 In support of Mohammed Ali Shah's coup d'etat against the constitutional government in Persia, a Russian military force invades northern Persia to relieve the siege of Tabriz
1942 First "Eichmann transport" to Auschwitz & Birkenau concentration camps
1953 Dr Jonas Salk announces vaccine to prevent polio
1966 Large-scale anti-Vietnam War protests take place in the United States, including in New York, Washington D.C. and Chicago
1971 Bangladesh (East Pakistan) under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declares its independence from Pakistan
March 27, 20191513 Spaniard Juan Ponce de León and his expedition first sight Florida
1625 Charles I, King Of England, Scotland & Ireland, ascends English throne
1914 1st successful non-direct blood transfusion is performed by Dr. Albert Hustin in Brussels
1958 Nikita Khrushchev becomes Soviet Premier as well as First Secretary of the Communist Party
1977 583 die in aviation's worst ever disaster when two Boeing 747s collide at Tenerife airport in Spain
March 28, 2019364 Roman Emperor Valentinian I appoints his brother Flavius Valens co-emperor
845 Paris is sacked by Viking raiders, probably under Ragnar Lodbrok, who collects a huge ransom in exchange for leaving
1854 Britain and France declare war on Russia during the Crimean War
1939 Spanish Civil War ends, Madrid falls to Francisco Franco
1946 Cold War: The United States State Department releases the Acheson-Lilienthal Report, outlining a plan for the international control of nuclear power.
March 29, 20191549 The city of Salvador da Bahia, the first capital of Brazil, is founded
1901 Edmund Barton is elected Prime Minister in Australia's first parliamentary election
1912 Captain Robert Scott, storm-bound in a tent near South Pole, makes last entry in his diary "the end cannot be far"
1961 After a 4½ year trial Nelson Mandela is acquitted of treason in Pretoria
1974 Chinese farmers discover the Terracotta Army near Xi'an, 8,000 clay warrior statues buried to guard the tomb of China's 1st emperor, Qin Shi Huang
1999 The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes at 10006.78 - above the 10,000 mark for the first time ever
March 30, 2019240 BC 1st recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet
1856 Russia signs the Treaty of Paris, ending the Crimean War
1867 US buys Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000 (2 cents an acre - Seward's Folly)
1870 15th Amendment to the US constitution is adopted, guarantees right to vote regardless of race
1959 Dalai Lama flees China and is granted political asylum in India
1972 Northern Ireland's Government and Parliament dissolved by the British Government and 'direct rule' from Westminster is introduced
March 31, 20191146 Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at Vézelay, urging the necessity of a Second Crusade. Louis VII is present, and joins the Crusade.
1492 Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Aragon issue the Alhambra Decree which expels Jews from their Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon
1657 English Parliament makes the Humble Petition to Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell offering him the crown: he declines
1920 British parliament accepts Irish Home Rule law
April 1, 2019527 Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
1748 Ruins of Pompeii rediscovered by Spaniard Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre
1952 Big Bang theory proposed in Physical Review by Alpher, Bethe & Gamow
1974 Ayatollah Khomeini calls for an Islamic Republic in Iran
1976 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs found Apple Computer in the garage of Jobs' parents house in Cupertino, California
April 2, 20191453 Mehmed II begins his siege of Constantinople (İstanbul), which falls May 29
1513 Explorer Juan Ponce de León claims Florida for Spain as the first known European to reach Florida
1792 The Coinage Act is passed establishing the United States Mint and authorizing the $10 Eagle, $5 half-Eagle & 2.50 quarter-Eagle gold coins & silver dollar, ½ dollar, quarter, dime & half-dime
1801 Napoleonic Wars: The British led by Horatio Nelson destroy the Danish fleet in the naval Battle of Copenhagen
1917 US President Woodrow Wilson asks Congress to declare war against Germany
1930 Ras Tafari Makonnen becomes Emperor Haile Selassie of Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
1982 Several thousand Argentine troops seize the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands from Great Britain
April 3, 20191645 English Long Parliament passes the Self-Denying Ordinance, limiting regional armies, significant step toward New Model Army
1922 Joseph Stalin appointed General Secretary of the Russian Communist Party by Vladimir Lenin
1948 US President Harry Truman signs Marshall Plan ($5B aid to 16 European countries)
1973 1st mobile phone call is made in downtown Manhattan, NYC by Motorola employee Martin Cooper to the Bell Labs headquarters in New Jersey
2016 Panama Papers published - 11.5 million confidential documents from offshore law firm Mossack Fonseca expose widespread illegal activities including fraud, kleptocracy, tax evasion and the violation of international sanctions by the world's elite in the world's largest ever data leak
April 4, 20191581 Francis Drake knighted by Queen Elizabeth I aboard Golden Hind at Deptford
1655 Battle at Postage Farina, Tunis: English fleet beats Barbary pirates
1789 1st US Congress begins regular sessions during George Washington's presidency at Federal Hall, NYC (ending 1791)
1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) treaty signed in Washington, D.C.
1968 US civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee
1973 World Trade Center, then the world's tallest building, opens in New York (110 stories)
1975 Microsoft is founded as a partnership between Bill Gates and Paul Allen to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800
April 5, 20191242 Alexander Nevsky of Novgorod defeats Teutonic Knights in the Battle of the Ice
1722 Dutch navigator Jacob Roggeveen discovers Easter Island
1818 In the Battle of Maipú, Chile's independence movement - led by Bernardo O'Higgins and José de San Martín - win a decisive victory over Spain, leaving 2,000 Spaniards and 1,000 Chilean patriots dead.
1874 Birkenhead Park, the first civic public park, opens in Birkenhead, England, designed by Joseph Paxton
1879 Chile declares war on Bolivia and Peru, starting the War of the Pacific.
April 6, 201946 BC Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) in the battle of Thapsus.
1652 Cape Colony, the 1st European settlement in South Africa, established by Dutch East India Company under Jan van Riebeeck
1917 US declares war on Germany, enters World War I
1994 Rwandan Genocide begins with the assassination of Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira with their plane being shot down by surface-to-air missiles, abruptly ending peace negotiations. Those responsible have never been identified.
April 7, 201930 Scholars' estimate for Jesus' crucifixion by Roman troops in Jerusalem
529 First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (fundamental work in jurisprudence) issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I
1948 World Health Organization formed by the United Nations
1954 US President Dwight D. Eisenhower in news conference is first to voice fear of a "domino-effect" of communism in Indo-China
1969 The Internet's symbolic birth date: publication of RFC 1
1999 The World Trade Organisation rules in favor of the United States in its long-running trade dispute with the European Union over bananas
April 8, 20191767 Ayutthaya kingdom falls to Burmese invaders
1886 William Ewart Gladstone introduces the first Irish Home Rule Bill into the British House of Commons.
1898 Battle of Atbara River, Anglo-Egyptian forces crush 6,000 Sudanese
1913 Opening of China's 1st parliament takes place in Peking (now Beijing)
2004 Darfur conflict: The Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement is signed by the Sudanese government and two rebel groups
April 9, 20191483 Edward V (aged 12) succeeds his father Edward IV as king of England. He is never crowned, and disappears presumed murdered, after incarceration in the Tower of London with his younger brother Richard (the "Princes in the Tower")
1731 British mariner Robert Jenkins' ear cut off by Spanish Guarde Costa in the Caribbean, later catalyst for war between Britain & Spain
1768 John Hancock refuses to allow two British customs agents to go below deck of his ship, considered by some to be the first act of physical resistance to British authority in the colonies
1865 Confederate General Robert E. Lee and 26,765 troops surrender at Appomattox Court House to US Lieutenant General Ulysses S Grant (US Civil War)
1869 Hudson Bay Company cedes its territory to Canada
1992 John Major elected Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after his Conservative Party wins the most votes in British electoral history
2003 Baghdad falls to U.S. forces, ending the invasion of Iraq, but resulting in widespread looting
April 10, 20191407 Lama Deshin Shekpa visits the Ming Dynasty capital at Nanjing and is awarded the title Great Treasure Prince of Dharma
1516 1st Jewish ghetto established: Venice compels Jews to live in a specific area
1815 Mount Tambora in the Dutch East Indies experiences a cataclysmic eruption, one of the most powerful in history, killing around 71,000 people, causes global volcanic winter
1858 "Big Ben", a 13.76 tonne bell, is recast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry
1972 US, USSR & 70 other nations agree to ban biological weapons
1998 The Good Friday/Belfast Agreement for Northern Ireland is signed by the British and Irish governments
April 11, 20191512 Battle of Ravenna: French forces under Gaston de Foix defeat the Holy League in a major battle of the Italian Wars
1783 Hostilities formally cease in the American Revolutionary War
1814 Napoleon abdicates unconditionally; he is exiled to Elba
1868 The Shogunate is abolished in Japan
1955 Chartered Air India plane the "Kashmir Princess" is bombed and crashes into the South China Sea in a failed assassination attempt on Zhou Enlai by a Kuomintang secret agent
1968 US President Lyndon B. Johnson signs 1968 Civil Rights Act
1979 Tanzanian army captures Kampala, the capital of Uganda forcing Ugandan dictator Idi Amin to flee into exile in Libya
2015 Barack Obama and Raúl Castro meet in Panama, the 1st meeting of US and Cuban heads of state since the Cuban Revolution
April 12, 20191204 4th Crusade occupies & plunders Constantinople
1811 1st US colonists on Pacific coast arrive at Cape Disappointment, Washington
1872 Jesse James gang robs bank in Columbia, Kentucky (1 dead/$1,500)
1927 Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek begins counter revolution in Shanghai
1961 Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first person to orbit Earth (Vostok 1)
April 13, 20191250 The Seventh Crusade is defeated in Egypt, Louis IX of France captured
1598 Edict of Nantes grants political rights to French Huguenots
1860 1st Pony Express reaches Sacramento, California
1868 Abyssinian War ends as British and Indian troops capture Magdala and Ethiopian Emperor Tewodros II commits suicide
1960 France becomes 4th nuclear nation exploding an A-Bomb in Sahara
April 14, 20191865 US President Abraham Lincoln is shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater in Washington
1903 Dr Harry Plotz discovers vaccine against typhoid (NYC)
1912 RMS Titanic hits an iceberg at 11.40pm off Newfoundland
1935 Black Sunday: Severe sandstorm ravages the US Midwest, creating the "Dust Bowl"
1981 1st Space Shuttle, Columbia 1, returns to Earth
2003 The Human Genome Project is completed with 99% of the human genome sequenced to an accuracy of 99.99%
April 15, 20191755 Samuel Johnson's "A Dictionary of the English Language" published in London
1877 1st telephone installed: Boston-Somerville in Massachusetts
1912 RMS Titanic sinks at 2:27 AM off Newfoundland as the band plays on, with the loss of between 1,490 and 1,635 people
April 16, 2019Important Events
1457 BC Battle of Megiddo: Egyptian forces of Thutmose III defeat a large Canaanite coalition under King of Kadesh. First battle recorded with a reliable account.
1705 Queen Anne of England knights Isaac Newton at Trinity College, Cambridge
1746 Jacobite Rising 1745: Battle of Culloden, the last battle on British soil: Royalist troops under the Duke of Cumberland defeat the Jacobite army.
1900 US Post Office issues 1st books of postage stamps
1917 Vladimir Lenin issues his radical "April Theses" calling for Soviets to take power during the Russian Revolution [OS Apr 4]
1948 Organization for European Economic Cooperation (EEC) forms in Paris
2003 Treaty of Accession is signed in Athens admitting 10 new member states to the European Union
April 15, 2019(Unfortunately I could not do this yesterday). The fire at Notre-Dame Cathedral will remain one of the darkest in history.
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