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July 9, 20191401 Turko-Mongol ruler Tamerlane (Timur) destroys Baghdad, killing 20,000
1790 Russo-Swedish War: Second Battle of Svensksund - in the Baltic Sea, the Swedish Navy captures one third of the Russian fleet
1868 Tennessee and South Carolina are 1st to ratify the 14th Amendment to the US constitution, guaranteeing civil rights
1893 Daniel Hale Williams III repairs the torn pericardium of a knife wound patient, James Cornish, without penicillin or blood transfusion
1917 British battleship HMS Vanguard explodes at Scapa Flow (the result of an internal explosion of faulty cordite), killing 804
1971 Henry Kissinger visits the People's Republic of China to negotiate a detente between the US and China
2002 The African Union is established in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The first chairman is Thabo Mbeki, President of South Africa.
2017 Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi proclaims victory over Islamic State forces in Mosul
July 10, 20191778 American Revolution: Louis XVI of France declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain
1940 Battle of Britain begins as Nazi forces attack shipping convoys in the English Channel
1985 French foreign intelligence agents blow up the Greenpeace boat Rainbow Warrior in Auckland harbor, New Zealand to prevent it interfering with French nuclear tests in the South Pacific. Dutch photographer Fernando Pereira is killed.
1991 Boris Yeltsin sworn in as 1st elected President of the Russian Federation
July 11, 20191405 Chinese fleet commander Zheng He sets sail to explore the world for the first time
1533 Pope Clement VII excommunicates England's King Henry VIII
1818 English poet John Keats writes "In the Cottage Where Burns is Born", "Lines Written in the Highlands", and "Gadfly"
1877 Kate Edger becomes New Zealand’s first woman graduate and first woman in the British Empire to earn a Bachelor of Arts
1944 Franklin Roosevelt announces that he will run for a fourth term as President of the United States
1995 7,000 Bosnian Muslim men are massacred when Bosnian Serbs overrun the UN 'safe haven' of Srebrenica
July 12, 20191679 Britain's King Charles II ratifies Habeas Corpus Act allowing prisoners right to be imprisoned to be examined by a court
1690 Battle of Boyne: in Ireland, Protestant King William III defeats English Catholic King James II
1790 French Revolution: The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is adopted, putting the Catholic Church in France under the control of the state
1804 Former United States Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton dies after being shot in a pistol duel by Vice President Aaron Burr
1863 In New Zealand, British forces invade Waikato, home of the Maori King Movement, beginning a new phase of the wars between Maori and Colonial British
1913 150,000 Ulstermen gather and resolve to resist Irish Home Rule by force of arms; since the British Liberals have promised the Irish nationalists Home Rule, civil war appears imminent
1943 World War II: Battle of Prokhorovka - Russians defeat German forces in one of the largest ever tank battles
1957 US Surgeon General Leroy Burney connects smoking with lung cancer
July 13, 20191772 Captain James Cook begins 2nd voyage aboard the Resolution to the South Seas to search for Terra Australis (Southern continent)
1832 Source of Mississippi River discovered by American geographer Henry Schoolcraft
1943 Greatest tank battle in history ends with Russia's defeat of Germany at Kursk, almost 6,000 tanks take part, 2,900 lost by Germany
1966 A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada founds the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (Hare Krishna movement) in New York City
1985 "Live Aid" concerts held at both Wembley Stadium (London) and John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia) raises over $70 million for African famine relief
July 14, 20191789 Bastille Day - the French Revolution begins with the fall of the Bastille Prison
1798 US Sedition Act prohibits "false, scandalous & malicious" writing against government
1850 1st public demonstration of ice made by refrigeration by Florida physician John Gorrie
1933 All non-Nazi parties are banned in Germany
1941 6,000 Lithuanian Jews are exterminated at Viszalsyan Camp
1992 386BSD is released by Lynne Jolitz and William Jolitz, starting the open source operating system revolution. Linus Torvalds release "Linux" soon afterwards
July 15, 20191099 City of Jerusalem is captured and plundered by Christian forces during the First Crusade
1381 John Ball, a leader in the Peasants' Revolt, is hung, drawn and quartered in the presence of Richard II of England
1410 Battle of Grunwald (First Battle of Tannenburg, Battle of Žalgiris), one of Medieval Europe's largest battles during Poland-Lithuanian Teutonic War. Polish King Władysław Jagiełło and Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas defeat Teutonic Ulrich von Jungingen
1799 The Rosetta Stone is found in the Egyptian village of Rosetta by French Captain Pierre-François Bouchard during Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign
1955 18 Nobel laureates sign the Mainau Declaration against nuclear weapons, later co-signed by 34 more laureates
July 16, 2019622 Muslim Era begins - Muhammad begins flight from Mecca to Medina (Hijra)
1054 Three Roman legates fracture relations between Western and Eastern Christian churches by placing invalid Papal Bull of Excommunication on altar of Hagia Sophia during liturgy. Often dated start of the East-West Schism.
1519 Public debate between Martin Luther and theologian Johann Eck at Pleissenburg Castle in Liepzig, during which Luther denies the divine right of the Pope
1809 La Paz, Bolivia declares its independence from the Spanish Crown and forms the Junta Tuitiva led by Pedro Domingo Murillo, the 1st independent government in Spanish America
1940 Adolf Hitler orders preparations for the invasion of Britain (Operation Sealion
July 17, 2019180 6 inhabitants of Carthage, North Africa executed for being Christians. Earliest record of Christianity in this part of the world.
1203 Siege of Constantinople begins during the fourth Crusade, Crusaders aboad a Venetian fleet attack the city
1762 Catherine II becomes tsarina of Russia following the murder of Peter III
1918 The Romanov royal family and several of their retainers are executed by a Bolshevik firing squad in the basement of Ipatiev House, in Yekaterinburg, Siberia
1936 Spanish generals Francisco Franco and Emilio Mola lead a right-wing uprising, starting the Spanish Civil War
1945 Potsdam Conference: Harry Truman, Joseph Stalin and Winston Churchill hold 1st meeting
2014 Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 is shot down over Eastern Ukraine by a Buk surface-to-air missile launched from pro-Russian separatist-controlled territory, killing all 283 passengers and 15 crew on board
July 18, 201964 Great Fire of Rome begins under the Emperor Nero
1925 Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf (original title was the catchy "Four and a Half Years (of Struggle) Against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice")
1936 Spanish Civil War: General Francisco Franco issues manifesto and leads an uprising in the Spanish army stationed in Morocco
2012 Kim Jong-un is officially appointed Supreme Leader of North Korea and given the rank of Marshal in the Korean People's Army
2013 Detroit, Michigan, files for bankruptcy, becoming the largest US municipal bankruptcy ever at $18.5 billion
July 19, 20191595 Astronomer Johannes Kepler has an epiphany and develops his theory of the geometrical basis of the universe while teaching in Graz
1843 The steamship SS Great Britain is launched, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, is the first ocean-going craft with an iron hull or screw propeller and the largest vessel afloat in the world
1848 1st US women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls NY, organised by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
1941 British PM Winston Churchill launches his "V for Victory" campaign
July 20, 20191881 Sioux Indian Chief Sitting Bull, surrenders to US federal troops
1921 Congresswoman Alice Mary Robertson becomes the first woman to preside over the floor of US House of Representatives
1954 Armistice for Indo-China signed, Vietnam separates into North and South
1969 Apollo 11 lunar module carrying Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins lands on the surface of the Moon; Aldrin and Armstrong walk on the moon seven hours later
1976 US Viking 1 lands on Mars at Chryse Planitia, 1st Martian landing
2017 China announces a plan against “foreign garbage” banning 24 categories of plastic and recyclable waste from 2018
July 21, 2019356 BC Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
365 Crete Earthquake followed by tsunami around the Eastern Mediterranean allegedly destroys Alexandria
1861 First Battle of Bull Run [Battle of First Manassas], 1st major battle of the US Civil War is fought near Manassas, Virginia, Confederate victory
1904 After 13 years, the 4,607-mile Trans-Siberian railway is completed
1925 John T. Scopes found guilty of teaching evolution in the “Scopes monkey trial”, Dayton, Tennessee, fined $100 & costs
1969 Apollo 11: Neil Armstrong becomes the first person to step on the Moon at 2:56:15 AM (GMT)
1970 Aswan High Dam opens in Egypt, enables human control of the flooding of the Nile
2015 On This Day changes its domain name and brand from HistoryOrb.com to OnThisDay.com
July 22, 20191099 First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Jerusalem
1456 Battle at Nandorfehervar (Belgrade): Hungarian army under Janos Hunyadi beats Sultan Murad II
1515 First Congress of Vienna settles issues between Poland and Holy Roman Empire - rise of the Habsburgs influence
1942 Warsaw Ghetto Jews (300,000) are sent to Treblinka Extermination Camp
1963 Sarawak achieves independence from British colonial rule
2011 Norway is the victim of twin terror attacks, the first a bomb blast targeting government buildings in central Oslo, second a massacre at a youth camp on island of Utøya
July 23, 20191215 Frederick II crowned King of the Romans (King of the Germans) in Aachen
1829 William Austin Burt patents America's first "typographer" (typewriter)
1840 Union Act passed by British Parliament, uniting Upper & Lower Canada
1944 Conference of Bretton Woods signed; IMF operations begin
1995 Comet Hale-Bopp is discovered and becomes visible to the naked eye nearly a year later
July 24, 20191534 Jacques Cartier lands in Canada, claims it for France
1567 Mary Queen of Scots is forced to abdicate; her 1-year-old son becomes King James VI of Scots
1832 Benjamin Bonneville leads the first wagon train across the Rocky Mountains by Wyoming's South Pass
1911 American explorer Hiram Bingham discovers Machu Picchu, the Lost City of the Incas
1943 Operation Gomorrah: RAF begins bombing Hamburg (till 3rd August), creating a firestorm and killing 42,600 people
July 25, 2019306 Constantine I is proclaimed Roman Emperor by his troops
1814 English engineer George Stephenson introduces his first steam locomotive, a travelling engine designed for hauling coal on the Killingworth wagonway named Blücher
1943 Benito Mussolini dismissed as Italian Premier and arrested on the authority of King Victor Emmanuel III
1944 World War II: Operation Spring - one of Canada's bloodiest days, 18,444 casualties and 5,021 killed
1997 Scientists announce the first human stem cells to be cultured in a laboratory using tissue taken from aborted human embryos
July 26, 2019657 Battle of Siffin during the first Muslim civil war between Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muawiyah I beside Euphrates River
1519 Francisco Pizarro receives royal charter for the west coast of South America
1803 The Surrey Iron Railway, arguably the world's first public railway, opens in south London
1908 United States Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte issues an order to immediately staff the Office of the Chief Examiner (later renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation)
1945 Declaration of Potsdam: US, Britain and China demand the Japanese surrender during WWII
1953 Fidel Castro leads a failed attack on the Moncada Barracks, intended to spark a revolution in Cuba
July 27, 20191586 Walter Raleigh brings the 1st tobacco to England from Virginia
1689 Battle of Killicrankie: Jacobite Scottish Highlanders under Viscount Dundee defeat royalist force under General MacKay
1789 US Congress establishes Department of Foreign Affairs now referred to as the State Department
1866 Atlantic telegraph cable successfully laid (1,686 miles long)
1921 Frederick Banting and Charles Best isolate insulin at the University of Toronto
July 28, 20191794 French Revolutionary figure Maximilien Robespierre and 22 other leaders of "the Terror" guillotined to thunderous cheers in Paris
1914 Austria-Hungary decides against mediation and declares war on Serbia - first declaration of war of WWI
1917 Silent Parade organised by James Weldon Johnson of 10,000 African-Americans who march on 5th Ave in NYC to protest against lynching
1943 Operation Gomorrah: RAF bombing over Hamburg causes a firestorm that kills 42,600 German civilians
1976 Tangshan Earthquake, 8.2 in magnitude kills over 240,000 Northern China in the largest loss of life from an earthquake in the 20th century
2005 The Provisional Irish Republican Army call an end to their thirty year long armed campaign in Northern Ireland
July 29, 20191588 The Battle of Gravelines - Spanish Armada damaged and scattered by the English fleet
1609 Samuel de Champlain shoots and kills two Iroquois chiefs at Ticonderoga, New York setting the stage for French-Iroquois conflicts for the next 150 years
1848 Irish Potato Famine: Tipperary Revolt - an unsuccessful nationalist revolt against British rule put down by police
1905 US Secretary of State William Howard Taft makes secret agreement with Japanese Prime Minister Katsura agreeing to Japanese free rein in Korea in return for non-interference with the US in the Philippines
1921 Adolf Hitler becomes leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party
1949 Moscow ends the blockade of West Berlin
July 30, 20191178 Frederick I (Barbarossa), Holy Roman Emperor, crowned King of Burgundy
1419 First defenestration of Prague: anti-Catholic Hussites, followers of executed reformer Jan Hus, storm Prague town hall and throw the judge, mayor and several city council members out the windows. They die in the fall or killed by crowd outside.
1619 House of Burgesses Virginia forms, 1st elective American governing body
1863 Indian Wars: Chief Pocatello of the Shoshone tribe signs the Treaty of Box Elder, promising to stop harassing the emigrant trails in southern Idaho and northern Utah
1869 The Charles, considered the world’s first "oil tanker", departs from the United States headed for Europe with a bulk capacity of 7,000 barrels of oil
1935 1st Penguin book is published, starting the paperback revolution
1937 Russian Politburo issues NKVD Order no. 00447, to repress former kulak and anti-soviets, 269,100 to be arrested, 76,000 to be shot. Part of the Great Purge.
July 31, 201930 BC Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves minor victory over Octavian, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to Octavian's invasion of Egypt
1620 Pilgrim Fathers depart Leiden, Netherlands for England on their way to America
1917 World War I: Battle of Passchendaele (Third Battle of Ypres) begins, goes on to cause approximately 500,000 casualties
1961 Israel welcomes its one millionth immigrant
2007 Operation Banner, the presence of the British Army in Northern Ireland, and longest-running British Army operation ever, comes to an end
August 1, 2019527 Justinian I becomes the sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire
1086 Results of the Domesday inquiry presented to William the Conqueror in Salisbury (the date of compilation and the Great Domesday are historically contestable)
1774 Joseph Priestley, English theologian, chemist and author discovers oxygen by isolating it in its gaseous state
1834 Slavery abolished throughout the British Empire - Slavery Abolition Act 1833 comes into effect
1958 US atomic submarine USS Nautilus begins 1st transit of North Pole "operation Sunshine"
August 2, 2019338 BC Macedonian army led by Philip II defeats combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean
216 BC Second Punic War: Battle of Cannae - Carthaginian army lead by Hannibal defeats numerically superior Roman army under command consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro
1776 Formal signing of the US Declaration of Independence by 56 people (date most accepted by modern historians)
1790 1st US census conducted, the population was 3,939,214 including 697,624 slaves
1832 Battle of Bad Axe, Wisconsin: 1,300 Illinois militia defeat Sauk & Fox Native Americans ending the Black Hawk War in the US
1858 Government of India transferred from East India Company to the British Crown
2018 Apple becomes the first American public listed company to reach $1 trillion in value
August 3, 20191492 Christopher Columbus sets sail on his first voyage with three ships, Santa María, Pinta and Niña from Palos de la Frontera, Spain for the "Indies"
1596 David Fabricius discovers light variation of Mira (1st variable star)
1914 Germany invades Belgium and declares war on France, beginning World War I
1934 Adolf Hitler merges the offices of German Chancellor and President, declaring himself "Führer" (leader)
1972 US Senate ratifies the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union to limit the use of missile systems capable of defending against missile-delivered nuclear weapons
August 4, 20191558 1st printing of Zohar (Jewish Kabbalah)
1821 Russian Antarctic expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen returns to Kronshtadt after becoming the 1st to circumnavigate Antarctica
1942 1st train with Jews departs Mechelen Belgium to Auschwitz
1944 Anne Frank arrested in Amsterdam by German Security Police (Grüne Polizei) following a tip-off from an informer who was never identified
1993 Rwandian Hutus and Tutsis sign peace treaty in Arusha, Tanzania
August 5, 2019910 The last major Viking army to raid England is defeated at the Battle of Tettenhall by the allied forces of Mercia and Wessex, led by King Edward and Earl Aethelred
1305 William Wallace, who led Scottish resistance to England, is captured by the English near Glasgow and transported to London for trial and execution.
1583 Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland for the British crown - first English colony in North America and the beginning of the British Empire
1716 Battle of Petrovaradin/Peterwardein: Habsburgs under Eugene of Savoy defeat the Turks in a decisive victory
1864 Battle of Mobile Bay, won by the Union Army led by Rear Admiral Farragut with the cry "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!" (US Civil War)
August 6, 20191661 The Treaty of The Hague is signed whereby the Dutch Republic sells New Holland (Brazil) for 63 tonnes of gold to Portugal
1890 At Auburn Prison in New York, murderer William Kemmler becomes the 1st person to be executed by electric chair
1945 Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima by the US B-29 Superfortress "Enola Gay"
1965 US President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act prohibiting voting discrimination against minorities
1991 Tim Berners-Lee releases files describing his idea for the World Wide Web. WWW debuts as a publicly available service on the Internet
August 7, 20191461 Ming Dynasty Chinese military general Cao Qin stages a coup against the Tianshun Emperor
1714 The Battle of Gangut: the first important victory of the Russian Navy during the Great Northern War against Sweden
1933 The Iraqi Government slaughters over 3,000 Assyrians in the village of Sumail. The day becomes known as Assyrian Martyrs Day.
1955 Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering, the precursor to Sony, begins selling its first transistor radios in Japan
1990 US deploys troops to Saudi Arabia beginning Operation Desert Shield
August 8, 20191509 Emperor Krishnadeva Raya is crowned, marking the beginning of the regeneration of the Vijayanagara Empire in Southern India
1609 Venetian senate examines Galileo Galilei's telescope
1786 US Congress unanimously chooses the dollar as the monetary unit for the United States of America
1925 1st national march of Ku Klux Klan (between 25,000 and 40,000 marchers) in Washington, D.C.
1945 USSR establishes a communist government in North Korea
1974 US President Richard Nixon announces he will resign at 12pm the next day
1988 Ceasefire between Iran & Iraq takes effect after 8 years of war
August 9, 201948 BC Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt.
378 Battle of Adrianople: Goth army defeats Roman forces under Emperor Valens
1790 Robert Gray's Columbia Rediviva returns to Boston after 3 year journey, 1st American ship to circumnavigate the Globe
1898 Rudolf Diesel of Germany obtains patent #608,845 for his internal combustion engine, later known as the diesel engine
1942 Mahatma Gandhi and 50 others arrested in Bombay after passing of a "quit India" motion and campaign by the All-India Congress
1945 US drops 2nd atomic bomb "Fat Man" on Japan destroys part of Nagasaki
1965 Singapore separates from the Federation of Malaysia and gains its independence
1974 Richard Nixon resigns as President of the United States and Vice President Gerald Ford swears the oath of office to take his place as the 38th US President
August 10. 2019612 BC Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire. Destruction of Nineveh.
610 In Islam, the traditional date of the Laylat al-Qadr, when Muhammad began to receive the Qur'an
1497 John Cabot tells King Henry VII of his trip to "Asia"
1675 King Charles II and John Flamsteed lay the foundation stone of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London
1846 US Act of Congress passes establishing the Smithsonian Institution, now world's largest museum and research complex
August 11, 20193114 BC The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar, used by several pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations, notably the Mayans, begins
1945 Allies refuse Japan's offer to surrender on the condition that Emperor Hirohito retains his status
1954 Formal peace treaty ends over 7 yrs of fighting in Indochina between the French and the Communist Viet Minh
1988 Al-Qaeda formed at a meeting between Osama bin Laden, Zawahiri and Dr Fadl in Peshawar, Pakistan
2003 NATO takes over command of the peacekeeping force in Afghanistan, marking its first major operation outside Europe in its 54-year-history.
August 12, 20191121 Battle of Didgori: the Georgian army under King David the Builder wins a decisive victory over the famous Seljuk commander Ilghazi
1480 Battle of Otranto - Ottoman troops behead 800 Christians for refusing to convert to Islam
1851 American inventor Isaac Singer patents the sewing machine
1908 Henry Ford's company builds the first Model T car
1981 IBM introduces its first Personal Computer (PC & PC-DOS version 1.0)
August 13, 20191521 Spanish conquistadors under Hernán Cortés capture Aztec Emperor Cuauhtémoc in Tenochtitlan marking the end of the Aztec Empire
1536 Buddhist monks from Kyōto's Enryaku Temple set fire to 21 Nichiren temples throughout Kyoto in the Tenbun Hokke Disturbance. (Traditional Japanese date: July 27, 1536).
1642 Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens discovers Martian south polar cap
1788 Prussia joins Anglo-Dutch alliance to form Triple Alliance to prevent spread of Russo-Swedish War of 1788-90
1937 Second Sino-Japanese War: Japanese forces begin the Battle of Shanghai, a conflict that will last 3 months and involve 1 million troops
1942 The 'Manhattan Project' commences, under the direction of US General Leslie Groves: its aim - to deliver an atomic bomb
August 14, 20191281 During Kublai Khan's second Mongol invasion of Japan his invading Chinese fleet of 3,500 vessels disappears in a typhoon near Japan
1842 Second Seminole War declared over by Colonel Worth; Indians go on to be removed from Florida to Oklahoma
1945 V-J Day, Japan surrenders unconditionally to end WW II (also August 15 depending on time zone)
1947 Pakistan gains independence from Great Britain
1969 British Army deploys on the streets of Northern Ireland, marking the beginning of Operation Banner
1980 17,000 workers go on strike at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk, Poland, marking the beginning of the Solidarity movement
August 15, 20191461 Empire of Trebizond surrenders to forces of Sultan Mehmet II - last Byzantine Empire remnant to fall. Emperor David exiled and later murdered.
1620 Mayflower sets sail from Southampton, England, with 102 Pilgrims
1900 The Boxer Rebellion: In China, the Empress, her family and court retainers flee while foreign troops move through Peking in an attempt to quell the rebellion
1947 India gains independence from Great Britain, remains a dominion until 1950
1998 Omagh bombing in Northern Ireland, the worst terrorist incident of The Troubles, kills 29 people and injures about 220
August 16, 20191896 Gold first discovered in Klondike, found at Bonanza Creek, Alaska by George Carmack
1930 1st British Empire Games open in Hamilton, Canada
1945 Puyi, the last Chinese Emperor and ruler of Manchukuo is captured by Soviet troops
1946 Direct Action Day: Widespread riots erupt in Calcutta between Muslims and Hindus over whether Pakistan should be a separate state, killing over 4,000 and leaving 100,000 homeless
2012 Wikileaks founder, Julian Assange is granted political asylum by Ecuador
August 17, 20191590 Governor of Roanoke Island colony, John White, returns from England to find no trace of the colonists he had left there 3 years earlier [or Aug 18, 1591]
1903 Joe Pulitzer donates $1 million to Columbia University & begins the Pulitzer Prizes in America
1945 Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declare Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) independent from the Netherlands
1945 Korea is divided into North and South Korea along the 38th parallel
1947 The Radcliffe Line, the border between Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan is revealed
1998 Monica Lewinsky scandal: US President Bill Clinton admits in taped testimony he had an "improper physical relationship" with the intern and on the same day admits before the nation he "misled people" about the relationship
August 18, 20191737 First public admittance to the Salon de Paris art exhibition at the Louvre in Paris
1838 United States Exploring Expedition headed by Charles Wilkes departs for the Pacific Ocean and Antarctica
1914 US President Woodrow Wilson issues "Proclamation of Neutrality"
1919 Anti-Cigarette League of America forms in Chicago, Illinois
1920 22 year old representative Harry T. Burn is deciding vote in Tennessee's and thus America's ratification of the 19th Amendment to the constitution allowing women's suffrage after letter from his mother
1940 Battle of Britain - 'The hardest day" Luftwaffe lose 69 aircraft, the RAF 68 in largest ever air battle
August 19, 201943 BC Octavian, later known as Augustus, compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul
1839 Details of Louis Daguerre's 1st practical photographic process are released in Paris
1942 World War II: Over 4,000 Canadian and British soldiers killed, wounded or captured raiding Dieppe, France
1988 Iran-Iraq begin a cease-fire in their 8-year-old war (11 PM EDT)
1991 Conservative members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union attempt to depose Mikhail Gorbachev in a coup d'état
2010 Operation Iraqi Freedom ends, with the last of the United States brigade combat teams crossing the border to Kuwait
August 20, 20191597 1st Dutch East India Company ships return from the Far East
1619 1st known African Americans in English North America (approx. 20) land at Point Comfort (Fort Monroe), Virginia. They are then sold or traded into servitude.
1741 Alaska first sighted by Danish explorer Vitus Bering at head of Russian expedition
1866 President Andrew Johnson formally declares US Civil War over
1905 Sun Yat-sen, Chinese revolutionary, forms the first chapter of T'ung Meng Hui, a union of all secret societies determined to bringing down the Manchus
1968 During the night 200,000 Warsaw Pact Soviet led troops invade Czechoslovakia in response to the Prague Spring
1993 Oslo Peace Accords signed, after secret negotiations in Norway, followed by a public ceremony in Washington, D.C. the following month
August 21, 20191192 Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the de facto ruler of Japan. (Traditional Japanese date: July 12, 1192)
1703 The Edirne Event: Turkish army removes Sultan Mustafa II, lessening the power of the sultans
1772 King Gustav III of Sweden completes a coup d'etat by adopting a new Constitution and installing himself as an enlightened despot, ending 50 years of parliamentary rule
1888 American inventor William Seward Burroughs patents the adding machine
1911 "Mona Lisa" stolen from the Louvre by Vincenzo Perugia (Recovered in 1913)
1959 Hawaii becomes the 50th US state
1991 Conservative coup in the Soviet Union is crushed by popular resistance led by Boris Yeltsin in three days
August 22, 20191485 Battle of Bosworth Field: Henry Tudor's forces defeat English King Richard III during last battle in the Wars of the Roses. Richard is killed, the last English monarch to die in battle.
1639 Madras (now Chennai), India, founded by the British East India Company on sliver of land bought from local Nayak rulers
1642 English Civil War begins between Royalists and Parliament
1864 First Geneva Convention adopted in Geneva "for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field" signed by 12 nations
1945 Vietnam conflict begins as Ho Chi Minh leads a successful coup
August 23, 20191542 Rabbi Joseph Caro completes his commentary of Tur Code
1850 1st US National Women's Rights Convention convenes in Worcester, Massachusetts
1942 Battle of Stalingrad: 600 Luftwaffe planes bomb Stalingrad (40,000 die)
1996 Osama bin Laden issues message entitled "A declaration of war against the Americans occupying the land of the two holy places"
2005 Hurricane Katrina forms over the Bahamas, later becoming a category 5 hurricane
August 24, 201979 Mt Vesuvius erupts, buries Roman Pompeii and Herculaneum, 15,000 die
410 Rome overrun by Visigoths under Alaric I for the first time in nearly 800 years, seen as the fall of the Western Roman Empire
1516 Battle of Marj Dabiq: Ottoman forces decisively beat the Mamluk Sultanate
1572 St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of Protestants by Roman Catholics begins in Paris and later spreads to the French provinces
1662 Act of Uniformity requires English to accept Book of Common Prayer
1814 British forces capture Washington, D.C. and destroy many landmarks (War of 1812)
1968 France becomes the world's fifth thermonuclear power with a detonation on Mururoa Atoll in the South Pacific
August 25, 20191609 Galileo demonstrates his 1st telescope to Venetian lawmakers
1718 Hundreds of French colonists arrive in Louisiana; New Orleans founded
1768 Captain James Cook departs from Plymouth, England, on his first voyage on board the endeavour, bound for the Pacific Ocean
1894 Japanese scientist Shibasaburo Kitasato discovers the infectious agent of the bubonic plague and publishes his findings in The Lancet
1944 General Charles de Gaulle walks the Champs Elysees in Paris after the liberation of the city from Nazi occupation
1990 UN security council authorizes military action against Iraq
August 26, 20191346 Battle of Crécy, south of Calais in northern France; Edward III's English longbows defeat Philip VI's army, cannons used for first time in battle
1924 The Catastrophe of Smyrna: known as the Asia Minor Catastrophe to Greeks. The Ottoman army expels Greeks and other non-Turks from Asia Minor. (August 13 OS)
1945 Japanese diplomats board USS Missouri to receive instructions on Japan's surrender at the end of WWII
1959 British Motor Corporation introduces the Morris Mini-Minor, designed by Alec Issigonis, it was only 10 ft long but seated 4 passengers
1996 US President Bill Clinton signs welfare reform into law, representing major shift in welfare policy
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1099 First Crusade: 15,000 starving Christian soldiers march in religious procession around Jerusalem as its Muslim defenders look on
1497 Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama departs on his first voyage, becoming the 1st European to reach India by sea
1777 Vermont introduces new constitution making it the 1st US state to abolish slavery
1800 Dr Benjamin Waterhouse gives 1st cowpox vaccination in the US to his son to prevent smallpox
1853 Commodore Matthew C. Perry sails his frigate Susquehanna into Tokyo Bay, opening Japan to Western influence and trade
1948 500th anniversary of the Russian Orthodox Church celebrated in Moscow