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August 28, 20191189 Third Crusade: the Crusaders begin the Siege of Acre under Guy of Lusignan
1609 English explorer Henry Hudson, discovers and explores Delaware Bay
1830 1st American built locomotive, "Tom Thumb" races a horse-drawn car from Stockton and Stokes stagecoach company from Baltimore to Ellicott Mills. Let history record that due to mechanical problems the horse won!
1845 Scientific American magazine publishes its first issue
1963 Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his "I have a dream" speech addressing a civil rights march at Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C.
August 29, 20191526 Battle of Mohács: In a decisive battle the Hungarian Empire is conquered by the Ottoman Empire led by Suleiman the Magnificent
1825 Portugal recognizes the Independence of Brazil
1842 Great Britain and China sign Treaty of Nanking, ending the Opium war
1862 Second Battle of Bull Run, fought in Manassas, Virginia begins, Confederate victory (US Civil War)
1949 USSR performs its first nuclear test at Semipalatinsk, Kazakh SSR
2005 Hurricane Katrina makes 2nd and 3rd landfall as a category 3 hurricane, devastating much of the U.S. Gulf Coast from Louisiana to Florida Panhandle. Kills more than 1,836, causes over $115 billion in damage.
August 30, 20191146 European leaders outlaw crossbow, intending to end war for all time
1363 Beginning of the Battle of Lake Poyang; two Chinese rebel leaders Chen Youliang and Zhu Yuanzhang are pitted against each other in what was one of the largest naval battles in history during Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty
1590 Tokugawa Ieyasu enters Edo Castle (Traditional Japanese date: August 1, 1590)
1682 William Penn leaves England to sail to the New World
1928 Jawaharlal Nehru requests independence of India
1941 Siege of Leningrad by German troops begins during WWII
August 31, 20191142 Possible date for establishment of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) League - with the aid of Hiawatha and Deganawidah
1945 The Liberal Party of Australia is founded by Robert Menzies
1957 Federation of Malaya gains independence from Great Britain
1994 The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Sinn Féin) declares a ceasefire in Northern Ireland
1997 Diana, Princess of Wales, dies in a car crash in a road tunnel in Paris
September 1, 20191715 King Louis XIV of France dies after a reign of 72 years—the longest of any major European monarch.
1939 World War II starts when Germany invades Poland by attacking the Free City of Danzig
1941 Jews living in Germany are required to wear a yellow star of David
1945 V-J Day, formal Surrender of Japan aboard USS Missouri marks the end of WW II (US date, 2nd September in Japan)
1951 US, Australia and New Zealand sign the ANZUS mutual defense treaty
1969 Colonel Muammar Gaddafi deposes King Idris in the Libyan revolution
September 2, 201931 BC Battle of Actium: decisive naval battle that effectively ends the Roman Republic. Octavian's forces defeat those under Mark Antony and Cleopatra off the western coast of Greece.
1192 Sultan Saladin and King Richard the Lionheart of England sign treaty over Jerusalem, at end of the Third Crusade
1792 September Massacres of the French Revolution: In Paris rampaging mobs slaughter 3 Roman Catholic bishops, more than two hundred priests, and prisoners believed to be royalist sympathizers.
1864 Union General William T. Sherman captures and burns Atlanta during Savannah Campaign (US Civil War)
1944 Holocaust diarist Anne Frank sent to Auschwitz concentration camp
1945 V-J Day, formal Surrender of Japan aboard USS Missouri marks the end of WW II (Japanese date, 1st September in US)
September 3, 2019301 San Marino, one of the smallest nations in the world and the world's oldest republic still in existence, founded by Saint Marinus
1783 Treaty of Paris signed in Paris ends the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and United States of America
1900 With a proclamation by General Lord Roberts, Britain annexes the Boer Republic of South Africa
1939 World War II: Britain declares war on Germany after invasion of Poland. France follows 6 hours later quickly joined by Australia, New Zealand, South Africa & Canada
1988 Estimated by this date 50,000 Kurdish civilians and soldiers killed by Iraq, many using chemical weapons, in aftermath of Iran-Iraq War
September 4, 2019476 Romulus Augustulus, last Western Roman Emperor, abdicates after forces led by Odoacer invade Rome. Traditional End of the Western Roman Empire
1609 Navigator Henry Hudson first European to discover island of Manhattan [or Sep 11]
1682 English astronomer Edmond Halley observes the comet named after him
1781 Los Angeles is founded by 44 Spanish speaking mestizos in the Bahia de las Fumas (Bay of Smokes)
1862 General Lee invades the North with 50,000 Confederate troops during Maryland Campaign (US Civil war
September 5, 20191666 Great Fire of London ends, leaving 13,200 houses destroyed and 8 dead
1774 Twelve of the thirteen American colonies adopt a trade embargo against Great Britain at the first Continental Congress at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1839 The First Opium War begins in China
2017 Hurricane Irma becomes the most powerful hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic Basin region with winds of 185mph (280km/h)
September 6, 20193114 BC Date Maya/Mesoamerican Long Count Calendar starts dating from (as corresponds to the Julian Calendar).
1522 Ferdinand Magellan's Spanish expedition aboard the Vitoria returns to Spain without their captain. First to circumnavigate the earth.
1620 The Mayflower departs Plymouth, England with 102 Pilgrims and about 30 crew for the New World
1901 US President William McKinley is shot by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, while visiting the Pan-American Exposition in New York
1909 Word received that American explorer Robert Peary had discovered the North Pole, 5 months earlier
1914 World War I: First Battle of the Marne begins, French and British forces prevent German advance on Paris (till the 12th Sept)
1916 1st true supermarket, the "Piggly Wiggly" is opened by Clarence Saunders in Memphis, Tennessee
September 7, 201970 Roman army under General Titus occupies and plunders Jerusalem
1714 Treaty of Baden: Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI & France, ends War of Spanish Succession, French retain Alsace, Austria gets bank of Rhine
1822 Pedro I, son of King Joao VI declares Brazil's independence from Portugal (National Day)
1888 Edith Eleanor McLean is 1st baby to be placed in an incubator at State Emigrant Hospital on Ward’s Island, New York
1909 Eugene Lefebvre becomes first pilot to die in an airplane craft, while test piloting new French-built Wright biplane at Juvisy
September 8, 20191380 Battle on Kulikovo: Moscow's great monarch Dimitri defeats the Mongols beginning the decline of the Tatars
1504 Michelangelo's statue of David is unveiled in Florence
1522 Spanish navigator Juan de Elcano returns to Spain, completing 1st circumnavigation of the globe (expedition began under Ferdinand Magellan)
1565 1st permanent European settlement in the US founded at St. Augustine, Florida
1664 Dutch surrender colony of New Netherlands (including New York) to 300 English soldiers
1970 Black September hijackings begin, three airliners hijacked and blown up by Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
1986 "The Oprah Winfrey Show" is first broadcast nationally
September 9, 20191000 Battle of Svolder, Baltic Sea: King Olaf on board the Long Serpent defeated in one of the greatest naval battles of the Viking Age.
1776 Congress officially renames the country as the United States of America (from the United Colonies)
1817 Alexander Twilight, probably first African American to graduate from a US college, receives BA degree at Middlebury College
1914 First fully mechanized unit in the British Army created - the Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade (WWI)
1993 Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization exchange letters of mutual recognition
2015 Queen Elizabeth II becomes Great Britain's longest-reigning monarch at 63 years and seven months, beating the previous record set by her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria
September 10, 20191776 George Washington asks for a spy volunteer, Nathan Hale volunteers
1846 Elias Howe takes out a US patent for a lockstitch sewing machine
1924 Leopold and Loeb found guilty of the murder of Robert Franks in Chicago in the "the crime of the century"
1977 Hamida Djandoubi, convicted of torture and murder, is the last person to be executed by Guillotine in France
2008 The Large Hadron Collider at CERN, described as the biggest scientific experiment in the history of mankind is powered up in Geneva, Switzerland
September 11, 20191297 Battle at Stirling Bridge, Scottish rebel William Wallace defeats the English
1609 Expulsion order announced against the Moriscos of Valencia; beginning of the expulsion of all Spain's Moriscos
1697 Battle of Zenta: forces of Prince Eugen of Savoye defeat the Turks, ending Ottoman control of large parts of Central Europe
1708 Great Northern war: Charles XII of Sweden stops his march to conquer Moscow outside Smolensk, marking the turning point in the war
2001 Two passenger planes hijacked by Al Qaeda terrorists crash into New York's World Trade Towers causing the collapse of both and deaths of 2,606 people
2001 Terrorists hijack a passenger plane and crash it into the Pentagon causing the deaths of 125 people
2001 Attempt by passengers and crew of United Airlines Flight 93 to retake control of their hijacked plane from terrorists causes plane to crash in Pennsylvania field killing all 64 people on board
Such an awful day in American history.
September 12, 20191758 French astronomer Charles Messier mistakenly identifies the Crab Nebula so begins his Messier Catalogue
1909 World's first patent for synthetic rubber granted to German chemist Fritz Hofmann
1933 Leó Szilárd, waiting for a red light on Southampton Row in Bloomsbury, conceives idea of a nuclear chain reaction
1940 4 teens, following their dog down a hole near Lascaux France discover 17,000-year-old drawings now known as Lascaux Cave Paintings
1958 US Supreme Court orders the all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas to integrate
1959 Luna 2 launched by USSR; 1st spacecraft to impact on the Moon
September 13, 2019509 BC The temple of Jupiter on Rome's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September
335 Church of Holy Sepulchre consecrated in Jerusalem
1224 Francis of Assisi is afflicted with stigmata after a vision praying on Mount Verna
1847 American-Mexican war: US General Winfield Scott captures Mexico City
1956 IBM introduces the RAMAC 305, 1st commercial computer with a hard drive that uses magnetic disk storage, weighs over a ton
1993 Public unveiling of the Oslo Accords, an Israeli-Palestinian peace agreement initiated by Norway
September 14, 20191752 Britain and the British Empire (including the American colonies) adopt the Gregorian Calendar (no Sept 3 - Sept 13)
1939 World’s 1st practical helicopter, the VS-300 designed by Igor Sikorsky takes (tethered) flight in Stratford, Connecticut
1949 India's Constituent Assembly adopts Hindi as an official language. Celebrated today as Hindi Day.
1956 1st prefrontal lobotomy performed in Washington, D.C.
1960 Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi-Arabia and Venezuela form the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
September 15, 20191616 First non-aristocratic, free public school in Europe is opened in Frascati, Italy
1821 Act of Independence of Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras & Nicaragua declare their independence from the Spanish Empire
1835 HMS Beagle with Charles Darwin on board reaches the Galapagos Islands
1928 Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin while studying influenza
1940 Battle of Britain Day: climax of the Battle of Britain, tide begins to turn as the Royal Air Force repulses a major Luftwaffe attack, losing 29 aircraft to the Germans' 57-61
1997 Google.com is registered as a domain name
September 16, 20191795 British capture Capetown, South Africa, from the Dutch
1810 Mexico issues Grito de Dolores, calling for the end of Spanish rule (Mexican Independence Day)
1848 Slavery abolished in all French territories
1906 Douglas Mawson, Edgeworth David and Alistair Mackay claim to have discovered the Magnetic South Pole in Antarctica
1963 Federation of Malaysia formed by Malaya, Singapore, British North Borneo (Sabah) and Sarawak
1978 25,000 die in 7.7 earthquake in Tabar, Iran
1997 Apple Computer Inc names co-founder Steve Jobs interim CEO
September 17, 2019642 Arab forces under Amr ibn al-'As conquer Alexandria
1683 Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is the first to report the existence of bacteria
1862 Battle of Antietam [Battle of Sharpsburg], bloodiest day in the American Civil War: 22,000 dead, wounded or missing in first battle on Union soil
1900 Commonwealth of Australia proclaimed
1916 The Red Baron [Manfred von Richthofen], WWI flying ace of the German Luftstreitkräfte, wins his first aerial combat near Cambrai, France
1978 Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin and Jimmy Carter sign the Camp David Accords, frameworks for peace in the Middle East and between Egypt and Israel
September 18. 20191811 British East India Company force led by Baron Minto conquers Java, part of the Dutch East Indies, Stamford Raffles appointed lieutenant governor
1812 Great Fire of Moscow burns out after 5 days, 75% of the city destroyed and 12,000 killed
1873 Government bond agent Jay Cooke & Co collapses, causing panic on Wall St, the start of the panic of 1873 and the Long depression
1914 Irish Home Rule bill receives Royal assent
1931 To create a pretext for the invasion of Manchuria, China, a railway explosion is faked by the Japanese
1947 The Central Intelligence Agency officially comes into existence after being established by President Truman in July
1976 Mao Zedong's funeral takes place in Beijing
September 19, 20191356 English forces under Edward the Black Prince defeat French at Battle of Poitiers and capture the French King during the Hundred Years War
1870 Siege of Paris by Prussian Forces begins (lasts until January 28 1871)
1893 New Zealand becomes the first country to grant all women the right to vote
1985 8.1 earthquake in Mexico City kills an estimated 10,000 and leaves 250,000 homeless
1986 US Federal health officials announce AZT will be available to AIDS patients
September 20, 2019451 Roman General Flavius Aetius defeats Attila the Hun at The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (Chalons-sur-Marne), halting Hun invasion of Roman Gaul
622 Islamic Prophet Muhammed/Abu Bakr arrives in Jathrib (Medina)
1519 Spanish expedition led by Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan sets off on the 1st successful circumnavigation of the globe (Magellan killed on route)
1854 Battle of the Alma: first major battle of Crimean War. British and French alliance defeat the Russians
1990 Both East and West Germany ratify reunification
2001 In an address to a joint session of Congress and the American people, US President George W. Bush declares a "war on terror"
September 21, 20191621 King James I of England gives Sir William Alexander a royal charter for colonisation of Nova Scotia
1792 French Revolution: The National Convention passes a proclamation announcing the formal abolition of the French monarchy
1898 Empress Dowager Cixi seizes power and ends the Hundred Days' Reform in China, imprisoning the Guangxu Emperor
1915 Cecil Chubb buys English prehistoric monument Stonehenge for £6,600
1922 US President Warren G. Harding signs a joint resolution of approval to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine
1936 Spanish fascist junta names Francisco Franco to Generalissimo and Supreme Commander
1949 Chinese Communist leaders proclaim the People's Republic of China
September 22, 20191692 Last people hanged for witchcraft (8) in the US, 20 hanged overall during Salem Witch Trials
1792 French First Republic formed by the National Convention, stripping the French king of his powers
1862 US President Abraham Lincoln says he will free slaves in all states on Jan 1
1965 India and Pakistan cease-fire goes into effect, ending the Indo-Pakistani War
1980 Iraq invades Iran in an attempt to control the Shatt al-Arab waterway
2011 CERN scientists announce their discovery of neutrinos breaking the speed of light
September 23, 20191122 Concordat of Worms agreed between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V
1821 Fall of Tripolitsa, Greek forces massacre 30,000 Turks during Greek War of Independence
1884 American Herman Hollerith patents his mechanical tabulating machine, the beginning of data processing
1889 Nintendo Koppai (Later Nintendo Company, Limited) founded by Fusajiro Yamauchi to produce and market the playing card game Hanafuda
1957 President Dwight D. Eisenhower orders US troops to support integration of nine black students at Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas
2018 Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi launches "Modicare", free heathcare for 500 million, world's biggest healthcare program
September 24, 20191180 Manuel I Komnenos, last Emperor of the Komnenian restoration dies. The Byzantine Empire slips into terminal decline.
1789 US Federal Judiciary Act passes, creating a six-person Supreme Court
1869 Black Friday; Wall St panic after Gould & Fisk attempt to corner gold
1877 Battle of Shiroyama, decisive victory of the Imperial Japanese Army over the Satsuma Rebellion
1950 Operation Magic Carpet concludes after having transported 45,000 Yemenite Jews to Israel
September 25, 20191066 Battle of Stamford Bridge: English army under King Harold II defeat invading Norwegians led by King Harald Hardrada and Harold's brother Tostig, who were both killed
1513 Spanish explorer Vasco Nunez de Balboa crosses the Panama Isthmus becoming first European to see the Pacific Ocean
1789 US Congress proposes the Bill of Rights
1906 Leonardo Torres Quevedo successfully demonstrates the Telekino at Bilbao before a great crowd, guiding a boat from the shore, considered the birth of the remote control
September 26, 20191580 Frances Drake completes circumnavigation of the world, sailing into Plymouth aboard the Golden Hind
1687 Acropolis in Athens attacked by Venetian army trying to eject Turks, damaging the Parthenon
1687 City council of Amsterdam votes to support William of Orange's invasion of England, which became the Glorious Revolution
1815 Russia, Prussia and Austria sign the Holy Alliance
1901 Great Britain annexes the Ashanti Kingdom and places it under the governor of the Gold Coast (Ghana)
1918 Beginning of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, more than 1 million American soldiers in the largest and most costly offensive of WWI
September 27, 20191066 William the Conqueror's troops set sail for England
1290 Earthquake in the Gulf of Chihli (Bohai Sea) near China, reportedly kills 100,000 people
1540 Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by Ignatius Loyola confirmed by Pope Paul III in Rome
1779 John Adams negotiates Revolutionary War peace terms with Great Britain
1821 Mexican revolutionary forces led by Agustín de Iturbide occupy Mexico City as Spanish withdraw, bringing an end to the Mexican War of Independence
1822 French scholar Jean-François Champollion announces that he has deciphered the Rosetta stone
1905 The physics journal Annalen der Physik publishes Albert Einstein's paper "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?", introducing the equation E=mc².
1908 Henry Ford's first Ford Model T automobile leaves the Piquette Plant in Detroit, Michigan
September 28, 2019935 Saint Wenceslas is murdered by his brother, Boleslaus I of Bohemia
1066 William the Conqueror invades England landing at Pevensey Bay, Sussex
1781 9,000 American and 7,000 French troops begin siege of Yorktown
1887 Yellow River or Huáng Hé floods in China, killing between 900,000 and 2 million people, one of the deadliest natural disasters in history
1939 German-Soviet Frontier Treaty is signed by Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov; redraws German and Soviet spheres of influence in central Europe and transfers most of Lithuania to the USSR
September 29, 2019522 BC Darius I of Persia kills Magian usurper Gaumâta, securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire
480 BC Battle of Salamis: The Greek fleet under Themistocles defeats the Persian fleet under Xerxes I
1567 War of Religion breaks out in France - Huguenots try to kidnap King Charles IX
1829 The first units of the London Metropolitan Police appear on the streets of the British capital
2008 Dow Jones Industrial Average falls 777.68 points, its largest single-day point loss, following the bankruptcies of Lehman Brothers and Washington Mutual
September 30, 20191520 Suleiman the Magnificent succeeds his father Selam I as Ottoman Sultan (rules till 1566)
1846 Anesthetic ether used for 1st time by American dentist Dr William Morton who extracts a tooth
1862 Prussia Minister President Otto von Bismarck's delivers his "Blood & Iron" speech
1938 Treaty of Munich signed by Hitler, Mussolini, Daladier and Chamberlain, forces Czechoslovakia to give territory to Germany
1946 22 Nazi leaders, including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Hermann Goering, are found guilty of war crimes, sentenced to death or prison at the Nuremberg war trials
October 1, 2019331 BC Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela
1688 Prince Willem III of Orange accepts invitation of take up the British crown
1814 Opening of the Congress of Vienna, which redrew Europe's political map after the defeat of Napoléon Bonaparte
1867 Karl Marx' "Das Kapital" published
1908 Henry Ford introduces the Model T car (costs $825)
1988 Mikhail Gorbachev becomes Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, effectively head of state of the Soviet Union
October 2, 20191187 Sultan Saladin captures Jerusalem from Crusaders
1492 King Henry VII of England invades France
1789 George Washington transmits the proposed Constitutional amendments (The United States Bill of Rights) to the States for ratification
1928 "Prelature of the Holy Cross and the Work of God", known as Opus Dei, founded by Saint Josemaría Escrivá
1944 Polish resistance fighters capitulate in the Warsaw Uprising, with some 250,000 people killed
2007 President Roh Moo-hyun of South Korea walks across the Military Demarcation Line into North Korea on his way to the second Inter-Korean Summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong-il
October 3, 20192333 BC State of Gojoseon (Modern-day Korea) founded by Dangun Wanggeom during the reign of the Chinese Emperor Yao
52 BC Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, surrenders to the Romans under Julius Caesar, ending the siege and battle of Alesia
1283 Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Prince of Gwynedd, Wales, becomes the first person executed by being hanged, drawn and quartered
1922 1st facsimile photo sent over city telephone lines, Washington, D.C.
1935 Italy invades Ethiopia, starting the Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1990 Reunification of East and West Germany. West German flag is raised above the Brandenburg Gate on the stroke of midnight.
October 4, 20191537 The 1st complete English-language Bible, the "Matthew Bible" is printed, with translations by William Tyndale and Miles Coverdale
1582 Last Julian calendar day in Spain, Portugal and pontifical states. To sync to the Gregorian calendar, 10 days are skipped and the next date is Oct 15.
1883 The Orient Express departs on its first official journey from Paris to Instanbul
1900 In a final confrontation, around 4,000 Ashantis are defeated by the British in the Gold Coast (Ghana)
1957 Soviet Union launches Sputnik I, the 1st artificial Earth satellite into elliptical low Earth orbit
2006 WikiLeaks is launched, created by internet activist Julian Assange
October 5, 20191789 French Revolution: Women of Paris march to Versailles in the March on Versailles to confront Louis XVI about his refusal to promulgate the decrees on the abolition of feudalism, demand bread, and have the King and his court moved to Paris
1813 Battle of Thames in Canada; Americans defeat British
1864 Most of Calcutta destroyed by cyclone, approx 60,000 die
1978 Over 30 major nations ratify the Environmental Modification Convention which prohibits weather warfare that has widespread, long-lasting or severe effects
October 6, 20191917 Battle of Passchendaele: Canadian troops capture the village of Passchendaele in the Third Battle of Ypres, after 250,000 casualties on both sides
1939 Adolf Hitler announces plans to regulate Jewish problem
1948 The 1948 Ashgabat earthquake kills 100,000 in the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
1948 Paleoanthropologist Mary Leakey finds the first partial fossil skull of Proconsul africanus, an ancestor of apes and humans on Rusinga Island, Kenya
1951 Joseph Stalin proclaims the Soviet Union has the atomic bomb
1956 Dr Albert Sabin discovers oral polio vaccine
October 7, 20191571 Battle of Lepanto: Holy League of southern European nations destroy Ottoman fleet in significant loss off Western Greece
1737 A cyclone causes 40 foot waves that are believed to have killed 300,000 in Calcutta, India
1763 George III of Great Britain issues Proclamation of 1763, closing lands in North America north and west of Alleghenies to white settlement
1919 KLM, Royal Dutch Airlines, established (oldest existing airline)
2001 The U.S. invasion of Afghanistan starts with an air assault and covert operations on the ground
October 8, 20191480 Great standing on the Ugra river, standoff between forces of Akhmat Khan, Khan of the Great Horde, and Ivan III Grand Prince of all Rus, Tataro-Mongols retreat, leds to disintegration of the Horde
1856 The Second Opium War or second Anglo-Chinese War: begins with the Arrow Incident on the Pearl River
1862 Otto von Bismarck becomes Chancellor of the German Empire
1915 Battle of Loos on WWI Western Front ends, German forces contain British attack (85,000 casualties)
1917 Leon Trotsky named chairman of the Petrograd Soviet as Bolsheviks gain control
2001 US President George W. Bush announces the establishment of the Office of Homeland Security
October 9, 2019768 Charlemagne and his brother Carloman I are crowned Kings of The Franks
1000 Leif Ericson discovers "Vinland" (possibly L'Anse aux Meadows, Canada) reputedly becoming first European to reach North America
1446 The Hangul alphabet is published in Korea
1831 Ioannis Kapodistrias, first Head of State of modern Greece, assassinated in Nafplion
1941 US President Franklin D. Roosevelt approves an atomic program that would become the Manhattan Project
2006 North Korea conducts its first nuclear test, with an estimated yield of between 0.4-2 kilotons
October 10, 2019680 Al-Hussein (Al-Ḥusayn ibn) and his followers killed at Karbala by army of Yazid, the Umayyad caliph, on the way to Kufa
1780 Great Hurricane of 1780 kills 20,000 to 30,000 in the Caribbean, hitting Barbados first. Atlantic's deadliest recorded hurricane.
1954 Ho Chi Minh enters Hanoi after withdrawal of French troops
1957 A fire at the Windscale nuclear plant in Cumbria, England becomes the world's first major nuclear accident
October 11, 20191138 Earthquake in Aleppo, Syria, kills an estimated 230,000
1634 Burchardi flood - "the second Grote Mandrenke" kills about 15,000 in North Friesland, Denmark and Germany
1737 Earthquake kills 300,000 and destroys half of Calcutta, India
1797 Battle of Camperdown (Kamperduin): British navy defeats Dutch fleet
1945 Chinese civil war begins between Kuomintang government led by Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong's Communist Party
1962 Second Vatican Council (21st ecumenical) convened by Pope John XXIII
1986 Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev open talks at a summit in Reykjavik, Iceland
October 12, 2019539 BC The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon
1279 Nichiren, a Japanese Buddhist monk, founder of Nichiren Buddhism, inscribes the Dai-Gohonzon
1492 Christopher Columbus's expedition makes landfall on a Caribbean island he names San Salvador (likely Watling Island, Bahamas). The explorer believes he has reached East Asia (OS 21 Oct)
1915 Ford Motor Company under Henry Ford manufactures its 1 millionth automobile at the River Rouge plant in Detroit
1999 The Day of Six Billion: the proclaimed 6 billionth living human in the world is born
October 13, 201954 Nero succeeds Claudius as Roman Emperor
1307 French King Philip IV has Grand Master Jacques de Molay and Knights Templar arrested and charged of idolatry and corruption
1884 Greenwich in London established as the universal time meridian of longitude
1943 Italy declares war on former Axis partner Germany
1944 US 1st army begins battle of Aachen, first German city captured during WWII
2010 Copiapó mining accident in Chile comes to a happy end as all 33 miners arrive at the surface after surviving a record 69 days underground
October 14, 20191066 Battle of Hastings: William the Conqueror and his Norman army defeat the English forces of Harold II who is killed in the battle
1322 Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's independence
1774 1st Continental Congress makes Declaration of Colonial Rights in Philadelphia
1867 15th and last Tokugawa Shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigns in Japan
1933 Nazi Germany announces its withdrawal from the League of Nations
1982 US President Reagan proclaims a war on drugs
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Zuzu Lu (other topics)
479 BC Greco-Persian Wars: Battle of Plataea, Persian forces led by Mardonius routed by Greek army under Pausanias; together with Greek success at Battle of Mycale halts Persian invasion of Greece
479 BC Greco-Persian Wars: Battle of Mycale won by Greek forces over Persian naval troops on Ionian coast, double victory with that at Plataea ends Persian invasion
663 Battle of Baekgang: Tang Chinese and Silla Korean forces defeat Korean Baekje forces and their Yamato Japanese allies on the Geum River in Korea. Last Japanese invasion of Korea for 900 years.
1789 French National Assembly issues the "Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen"
1883 Krakatoa volcano, west of Java in Indonesia, erupts with a force of 1,300 megatons and kills approximately 40,000 people
1979 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, cousin of Queen Elizabeth II and last Viceroy of India, is killed along with three companions, two of them children by the IRA when his boat is blown up near Sligo, Ireland