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https://www.rothschildarchive.org/col...
treasure from the collections.
Nankings and Whanghees: East India Company goods price list, 1815
From their earliest days, global trade in goods and commodities was part of the daily life of the Rothschild businesses. As we approach the festive season with its vibrant colours and rich tastes, we reflect on the trade in exotic spices, dyes and textiles 200 years ago.
The East India Company
The East India Company was a British joint-stock company, formed to pursue trade with the ‘East Indies’ (present day Maritime Southeast Asia). Originally chartered as the ‘Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies’, the company rose to account for half of the world's trade, particularly in basic commodities, trading mainly with China and the Indian subcontinent. The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600. Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the company's shares.
During its first century of operation, the focus of the company was trade. Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power. The Company became a major military and political power in India, gradually increasing the extent of the territories under its control, ruling the whole Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local rulers under the threat of force by its armies.
By 1803, at the height of its rule in India, the British East India Company had a private army of about 260,000 - twice the size of the British Army. Company rule in India lasted until 1858, when, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British Crown assumed direct control of the Indian subcontinent. The Government of India Act of 1858 removed the Company as rulers of India, and the Company's armies, territories, property and powers passed to Crown rule.
Merchant banking
As early as 1799, Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777-1836) began to import and distribute Indian goods, and an ‘India Goods’ book, preserved in the Archive records dealings in cloth, indigo, spice, coffee and cotton between 1807 and 1812. Nathan is also reported to have dealt with the East India Company in connection with the famous ‘Waterloo Commission’, the contract from the British Government to supply Wellington's troops with gold coin in 1814 and 1815. In 1834, Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton wrote to his daughter recalling the dinner where Nathan told him of an occasion “when I was settled in London, the East India Company had 800,000 lbs of gold to sell. I went to the sale and bought it all. I knew the Duke of Wellington must have it… that was the best business I ever did.” Whilst no evidence exists that Nathan held East India Company shares, he did recommend the son John Roworth, his ‘Principal Clerk’for enlistment as a Cadet with the Company in 1818.
‘Price Current of East India Goods’, 1815
In 1815, ships sailed into London from across the globe, carrying rare and exotic cargoes. The East India Company would regularly send out printed lists containing details of inbound shipments, quantities and prices. This example, dated 30 June 1815 was sent to N M Rothschild for information by the London firm of Ripley, Wiss & Ripley, East India merchants and brokers, based in Cannon Street, a short stroll from New Court.
The price list documents the cargoes of the “Castle Huntley, Elphinstone, Neptune, Wexford, Dorsetshire, Marquis Huntley, Winchlelsea, Tho. Grenville, Lady Melville, Cabalva, and Earl Spencer, from China; the Surrey, Europe, Astell, Lord Keith, and Alexander from Madras & Bengal; the Tigris and Indus from Bombay; the Orient, Lord Lyndoch, Fort William, Lady Campbell, Mangles and Lord Hungerford, from Bengal; the Charlotte, Providence, Minstrel and Resource from Batavia … the Elizabeth and the Commerce [carrying coffee] … the Eagle, Albion, Lord Nelson, Garland and Venus” [Cape ships, carrying oil].
Goods (in various qualities) of the East India Company declared for sale included:
Cotton
Coffee (‘Mocha, Bourbon and Java’)
Cowries (shells used as legal tender in Western Africa)
Cinnamon
Cloves
Mace
Nutmegs
Pepper
Rice
Saltpetre (used in gunpowder and as a food preservative)
Sugar
Indigoes (a tropical dark-blue dye)
The list also includes ‘Privilege and Private Trade Goods’. These were private cargoes of officers and servants of the Company that were carried on the Company’s vessels, the officers paying the Company for the privilege. The goods are many and varied and include:
Natural dyes such as cochineal (a red dye derived from insects)
Gambogium (a yellow dye from tree resin)
Spices and flavourings such as ‘Arrow Root’, ‘Assafoetida’ (a strong flavouring derived from plant roots), ‘Cardemoms’, Cassia, Castor Oil, Galanga Root, Ginger, Senna, and Turmeric
More exotic cargoes included:
Tropical woods
Nankeens (a pale yellow cloth from Nanjing, China)
Coral
Elephant’s Teeth (ivory)
Munjeet (Indian madder, a natural dye)
Marble
Mother of Pearl
Whanghees (an Asian bamboo used for umbrella handles)
Tincal (crude borax)
Tortoiseshell
RAL XI/112/22 Sundry correspondence 'R'
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https://heritagepedia.com/2022/04/01/...
The Rothschilds of the East – The Incredible Story of Sassoon Family
Banyan CreativesApril 1, 2022UncategorizedPost navigation
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What is common to Bombay and Shanghai?
They’re two of the busiest ports in the eastern hemisphere, yes. They were both centres of Jazz era decadence in the glory days of the British Raj, yes.
And they both owe much of their architectural heritage to a family of Baghdadi Jews by the name of Sassoon. At the peak of their influence in the late 19th century, the Sassoon family of Bombay were one of the wealthiest families on earth, earning them the moniker of the Rothschilds of the East.
How did the Sassoons of Baghdad end up in Bombay and Shanghai, and how did they become so fabulously rich?
The answer is to be found in the infamous opium trade of the 19th century, that led to two wars between Britain and China, and in twisted tales of tea.
Of Opium, and the World’s Favorite Beverage
The story of the Sassoons, and the opium wars of the 19th century begins two centuries earlier with the world’s favorite beverage – tea.
In the 16th century, as European trading ships began to criss-cross the globe in search of fortune, they unknowingly stumbled upon one of the world’s best kept secrets – tea.
Although tea was the national drink of China, it was unknown to much of the world outside. It was the Dutch who first brought Chinese tea to Europe, where it quickly became the favorite drink of European royalty. In 1662, when the Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza married Charles-II of England, she brought in her dowry two things that would set in motion a chain of events resulting in the Opium Wars, and the financial dominance of the Sassoon family. One was a casket of tea, which the Portuguese traders had been importing from China, and the other was a charter from the King of Portugal transferring to the East India Company the control of a small port on the western coast of India which the Portuguese hitherto controlled. This port was the city of Bombay.
Watching their new, charming, Portuguese queen sip the exotic Chinese beverage soon caught the fancy of the British masses, and in no time, tea became the favorite English drink where it was unknown till then. Within a century, the demand for Chinese tea in Britain had skyrocketed to the extent that a significant proportion of British silver was being drained out of the empire and into the Chinese treasury to quench Britain’s seemingly never-ending thirst for tea.
This trade imbalance of monstrous proportions was further compounded by the fact that while the British were buying up copious quantities of expensive Chinese tea, the Chinese wanted nothing that the British had to sell.
Except one thing – opium.
Opium was a crop that grew well in much of northern India, which the British by now controlled, and was in demand in China, albeit illegally. Aware of the insidious effects of opium addiction, its cultivation, consumption, and trade was prohibited by the Chinese Qing regime.
This meant that the British could not simply sell opium to the Chinese government. So they did the next best thing. They decided to bypass the Chinese government altogether, and sell it straight to the people. Through smugglers and drug peddlers, of course.
So, in essence, the British encouraged private Indian and British merchants to procure opium from India and sell it to Chinese smugglers. The strategy worked. In no time, the trade imbalance between Britain and China was overturned in Britain’s favor. It also led to an epidemic of opium addiction in China, rendering waste successive generations of its youth, forcing the Chinese to fight, unsuccessfully, two wars against British high-handedness known as the opium wars. But that is a story for another day.
Enter : The Sassoons of Baghdad
The Sassoon family’s tale of adventure in India began when its patriarch, David Sassoon, migrated to India from Iraq, following the persecution of Jews there. Dressed in flowing robes and turbans, the customary attire of the west and southern Asia, rather than the Jewish hat, David Sassoon must have resembled yet another journeyman from the Arab world. Around 1832, David Sassoon arrived at the port city of Bombay, which, after having been handed over to the British by the Portuguese following Catherine of Braganza’s marriage to Charles II, was beginning to flourish as the East India Company’s main trading port on the Arabian Sea. With the star of the British Empire at its zenith, Bombay attracted journeymen, fortune-seekers, mercenaries, and entrepreneurs from all corners of the globe, and Sassoon was just one among the many soldiers of fortune washing up on the shores of Bombay to try his luck under pax Britannica. Much like the Delhi Darbar to the north, where the princes of India paid court to Her Majesty the Queen, the Bombay Darbar in southern India was flourishing as the home of business tycoons taking a bow to laissez-faire capitalism.
Sassoon soon went into business trading cotton, which was a hot commodity then. India in the 19th century was a leading producer, along with America, and British cotton mills in Lancashire were guzzling raw cotton like there was no tomorrow. This brought Sassoon directly in competition with Parsi traders who had dominated the trade till then. But Sassoon had the advantage of better international connections – members of his community of Sephardic Jewish people were spread all over the globe, from Iraq to England to America, whereas the Parsis had little reach outside of India.
The American Civil War broke out a few years after Sassoon went into the cotton business, and causing a decline in cotton production from the American south, where the free labor of African slaves was used to produce cheap cotton. This left India the only major supplier to British cotton mills, and David Sassoon saw his opportunity. Using his connections among the communities of Jewish people in Europe and America, he managed to secure huge contracts with British mills allowing him to undercut Parsi competition, and accumulate huge wealth.
Cotton was white gold in the 19th century. But throughout human history, few commodities have made people so fabulously rich in so short a time as narcotics. ( think Pablo Escobar or Walter White from Breaking Bad). And so it was with the Sassoon Family.
When in the 1860s, a British empire desperate for trade parity with China allowed private traders to smuggle Indian opium to China, the Sassoon family leveraged the capital, know-how, and logistical machinery it had accumulated through trading cotton to emerge as the leading suppliers of opium to Chinese smugglers. Howeve
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Lord William Bentinck
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Wi...
Lord William Bentinck, was a British soldier and statesman[1] who served as the Governor of Fort William from 1828 to 1834 and the First Governor-General of India from 1834 to 1835. He has been credited for significant social and educational reforms in India, including abolishing sati, forbidding women to witness the cremations on the ghats of Varanasi,[2] suppressing female infanticide and human sacrifice.
He ended lawlessness by eliminating thuggee – which had existed for over 450 years – with the aid of his chief captain, William Henry Sleeman. Along with Thomas Babington Macaulay he introduced English as the language of instruction in India.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuggee
Thuggee (UK: /θʌˈɡiː/, US: /ˈθʌɡi/) are actions and crimes carried out by Thugs, historically, organised gangs of professional robbers and murderers in India. The English word thug traces its roots to the Hindi ठग (ṭhag), which means 'swindler' or 'deceiver'. Related words are the verb thugna ('to deceive'), from the Sanskrit स्थग (sthaga 'cunning, sly, fraudulent') and स्थगति (sthagati, 'he conceals').[2] This term, describing the murder and robbery of travellers by a group of Kali worshippers, was popular in the northern and eastern regions of historical India (present-day northern/eastern India and Bangladesh).
Although his tenure was moderately successful, it was brought to an end by the Vellore Mutiny in 1806, prompted by Bentinck's order that the native troops be forbidden to wear their traditional attire. Only after serious violence was order restored and the offending policy rescinded, and Bentinck was recalled in 1807.
Page 8 India's share of world manufacturing exports fell from 27 per cent to 2 per cent under The East India Company and Shareholder's rule. The deal is that that is how they make money. They make money by shipping. If a country was self sufficient then why would they need anything. If they don't need anything then they have no market. So how do they make money? Shipping. They ship things from one country to another. They are a shipping company, not a country. They have to have markets. They find commodities that are made or produced by slave labor or communism and they sell it to markets that are able to purchase. So the Americas were producing cotton with slave labor. They were shipping that commodity to England and making cloth to sell to India. How dare India think they know better and keep producing cloth? Do they want the shareholders to go belly up? Skimming and Scamming. Same game different century. Now India is on the side of creating a service for companies in America. What comes around goes around.
Extraction, Taxation and Diamonds
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Or theft labelled as taxation!! India (and many others) was treated as a cash cow. Taxation by the Company --usually at a minimum of 50 per cent of income -- was so onerous that 2/3 of the population ruled by the East India Company in the late eighteeth century fled their lands.
The land was good for growing opium on. and that was profitable for the Company.
The Oxford History of India 1923
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet....
Clive of India
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_...
He began as a writer (the term used then in India for an office clerk) for the East India Company (EIC) in 1744 and established Company rule in Bengal by winning the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Blocking impending French mastery of India, Clive improvised a 1751 military expedition that ultimately enabled the EIC to adopt the French strategy of indirect rule via puppet government.
Hired by the EIC to return (1755) a second time to India, Clive conspired to secure the company's trade interests by overthrowing the ruler of Bengal, the richest state in India.
.... establishing EIC control over Bengal, thereby furthering the establishment of the British Raj, though he worked only as an agent of the East India Company, not of the British government.
Starving People is a strategy I am sure:
Historians have criticized Clive's management of Bengal during his tenure with the EIC and his responsibility in contributing to the Great Bengal Famine of 1770, which historians estimate resulted in the deaths of more than 1 million people.
Always like to see how someone was as a child and how that shaped them:
"When he was older he and a gang of teenagers established a protection racket that vandalised the shops of uncooperative merchants in Market Drayton. Clive also exhibited fearlessness at an early age. He is reputed to have climbed the tower of St Mary's Parish Church in Market Drayton and perched on a gargoyle, frightening those down below. "
Clive declared: 'an opulent city lay at my mercy; its richest bankers bid against each other from my smiles; I walked through vaults which were thrown open to me alone, piled on either hand with gold and jewels.... When I think of the marvelous riches of that country, and the comparatively small part which I took away, I am astonished at my own moderation.'
Dorothy wrote: "That is very interesting."Thank you Dorothy. I am having a lot of fun reading Inglorious Empire: What the British Did to India, after having just finished Dark Towers: Deutsche Bank, Donald Trump, and an Epic Trail of Destruction, and while still reading Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes. It is amazing how synergistic books can be!! It is like inviting a group of actors and watching them play off of each other in your mind.
message 8
Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay
https://archive.org/details/historyof...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_His...
His Minute on Indian Education of February 1835 was primarily responsible for the introduction of Western institutional education to India.
Macaulay recommended the introduction of the English language as the official language of secondary education instruction in all schools where there had been none before, and the training of English-speaking Indians as teachers.[1] Macaulay's Minute on Indian Education contended that "a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia. Honours might be roughly even in works of the imagination, such as poetry, but when we pass from works of imagination to works in which facts are recorded, and general principles investigated, the superiority of the Europeans becomes absolutely immeasurable".[19] In his celebrated Minute on Indian Education of February 1835,[19] Macaulay urged Lord William Bentinck, the Governor-General to reform secondary education on utilitarian lines to deliver "useful learning" – a phrase that to Macaulay was synonymous with Western culture. There was no tradition of secondary education in vernacular languages; the institutions then supported by the East India Company taught either in Sanskrit or Persian. Hence, he argued, "We have to educate a people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue. We must teach them some foreign language." Macaulay argued that Sanskrit and Persian were no more accessible than English to the speakers of the Indian vernacular languages and existing Sanskrit and Persian texts were of little use for 'useful learning'. In one of the less scathing passages of the Minute he wrote:
"It will hardly be disputed, I suppose, that the department of literature in which the Eastern writers stand highest is poetry. And I certainly never met with any orientalist who ventured to maintain that the Arabic and Sanskrit poetry could be compared to that of the great European nations. But when we pass from works of imagination to works in which facts are recorded and general principles investigated, the superiority of the Europeans becomes absolutely immeasurable. It is, I believe, no exaggeration to say that all the historical information which has been collected from all the books written in the Sanskrit language is less valuable than what may be found in the most paltry abridgments used at preparatory schools in England. In every branch of physical or moral philosophy, the relative position of the two nations is nearly the same."
^^Well the problem was that they could not civilize the Indians in their own tongue...and that is nearly the same as Propagandizing them. Education/books is really the technology that the company had in making India more governable to their liking.
wiki:
Hence, from the sixth year of schooling onwards, instruction should be in European learning, with English as the medium of instruction. This would create a class of anglicised Indians who would serve as cultural intermediaries between the British and the Indians; the creation of such a class was necessary before any reform of vernacular education:[18][19]
"I feel... that it is impossible for us, with our limited means, to attempt to educate the body of the people. We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern, – a class of persons Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes, in opinions, in morals and in intellect. To that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country, to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the Western nomenclature, and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population."
Bentinck's English Education Act 1835 closely matched Macaulay's recommendations
English Education Act 1835
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English...
There was therefore a need to produce—by English-language higher education—"a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals and in intellect" who could in their turn develop the tools to transmit Western learning in the vernacular languages of India. Among Macaulay's recommendations were the immediate stopping of the printing by the East India Company of Arabic and Sanskrit books and that the company should not continue to support traditional education beyond "the Sanskrit College at Benares and the Mahometan College at Delhi" (which he considered adequate to maintain traditional learning).
Broadly similar issues ('classical education' vs 'liberal education') had already arisen for education in England with existing grammar schools being unwilling (or legally unable) to give instruction in subjects other than Latin or Greek and were to end in an expansion of their curriculum to include modern subjects. In the Indian situation a complicating factor was that the 'classical education' reflected the attitudes and beliefs of the various traditions in the sub-continent, 'English education' clearly did not, and there was felt to be a danger of an adverse reaction among the existing learned classes of India to any withdrawal of support for them.
"I see a government[4] anxiously bent on the public good. Even in its errors I recognize a paternal feeling towards the great people committed to its charge. I see toleration strictly maintained. Yet I see bloody and degrading superstitions gradually losing their power. I see the morality, the philosophy, the taste of Europe, beginning to produce a salutary effect on the hearts and understandings of our subjects. I see the public mind of India, that public mind which we found debased and contracted by the worst forms of political and religious tyranny, expanding itself to just and noble views of the ends of government and of the social duties of man. "
"What is that power worth which is founded on vice, on ignorance, and on misery—which we can hold only by violating the most sacred duties which as governors we owe to the governed—which as a people blessed with far more than an ordinary measure of political liberty and of intellectual light—we owe to a race debased by three thousand years of despotism and priest craft? We are free, we are civilized, to little purpose, if we grudge to any portion of the human race an equal measure of freedom and civilization.
"Are we to keep the people of India ignorant in order that we may keep them submissive? Or do we think that we can give them knowledge without awakening ambition? Or do we mean to awaken ambition and to provide it with no legitimate vent? Who will answer any of these questions in the affirmative? Yet one of them must be answered in the affirmative, by every person who maintains that we ought permanently to exclude the natives from high office. I have no fears. The path of duty is plain before us: and it is also the path of wisdom, of national prosperity, of national honour.
"The destinies of our Indian empire are covered with thick darkness. It is difficult to form any conjecture as to the fate reserved for a state which resembles no other in history, and which forms by itself a separate class of political phenomena. The laws which regulate its growth and its decay are still unknown to us. It may be that the public mind of India may expand under our system till it has outgrown that system; that by good government we may educate our subjects into a capacity for better government, that, having become instructed in European knowledge, they may, in some future age, demand European institutions. Whether such a day will ever come I know not. But never will I attempt to avert or to retard it. Whenever it comes, it will be the proudest day in English history. To have found a great people sunk in the lowest depths of slavery and superstition, to have so ruled them as to have made them desirous and capable of all the privileges of citizens would indeed be a title to glory all our own.
"The sceptre may pass away from us. Unforeseen accidents may derange our most profound schemes of policy Victory may be inconstant to our arms. But there are triumphs which are followed by no reverses. There is an empire exempt from all natural causes of decay. Those triumphs are the pacific triumphs of reason over barbarism; that empire is the imperishable empire of our arts and our morals, our literature and our laws."
^^ This is about the myths that the people of India believed that that they were not able to change by other means than "education".
Currently
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_o...
Warren Hastings
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_...
who served as the first Governor of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal), the head of the Supreme Council of Bengal, and so the first Governor-General of Bengal in 1772–1785. He and Robert Clive are credited with laying the foundation of the British Empire in India.
Inglorious Empire: What the British Did to IndiaCity of London
This article is about the district within London.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of...
Inglorious Empire: What the British Did to IndiaNot a nation but a company...rinse and repeat
Monopoly and overview of the great reset follow the money:
https://forbiddenknowledgetv.net/mono...
All the Queens Agents and All the Corporations That Control the World
https://humansbefree.com/2019/05/expo...
The Queen Offshore Finance:
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk...
Queen Elizabeth II is a direct lineage of the roman caeasars by blood:
https://humansbefree.com/2015/05/quee...
Wallis, and the Nazi and the King's desire for a Dictatorship:
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/j...
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/...
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/...
Off shore investing
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017...
Was Gandhii an agent of Britain?
https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-n...
Quora:
don’t know whether there was a pact between british and gandhi.
But it’s for sure his activities served British interest more than Indian.
His so called ‘non violence’ crippled contemporary revolution and he always became a barrier in front of real freedom fighters like Bhagat singh and Netaji Subhas Bose. Lot of people who could have been alike of Sukdev , Rajguru or Chandrasekhar azad were misled by him and wasted their time and energy in Gandhi s ashram spinning wheels and singing bhajans throughout there life.
He always tried to stop freedom fighters like Bhagat singh and Netaji from their action. e.g he stopped Netaji from becoming Congress president in 1939 even after he won the election with huge margin.
In 1922 when the non cooperation movement took pace and pose some real threat to British he withdrew that movement with some petty excuse.
When Bhagat sings popularity was surpassing his popularity, MK gandhi tried to divert the mass attention by a overrated movement called Dandi march. If we see closely the whole India started a revolt with Bhagat singh and demanded for “purna swaraj”, Gandhi to divert the attention bring a petty issue of salt tax which definitely helped British to suppress the real movement called by Bhagat singh.
He was asking for dominion status which is equally bad as British raj where few white british would be replaced by brown sahibs and a puppet Indian government.
British always seemed to love him and tend to give everything gandhi wanted (i.e fame, popularity , ‘mahatma’ status through media, sponsored his ashrams monetarily through then Indian industrialists) .
So, we can say both had kind of unwritten mutual agreement to serve interests of each other.
If someone don’t agree with me some questions to answer:
If ‘Ahimsha’ is so powerful, why don’t you go to J&K and do anasan or spinning wheel to drive away terrorist?
Did Gandhi himself believed in non violence? Then why did he urged Indians to fight and give life for british for both world war?
Why did he promoted petty issues like salt tax when people of India were asking for purna swaraj with Bhagat singh?
If Gandhi was a real threat for British, why british did not try to suppress him? Gandhi was not undercover like other freedom fighter like Bhagat singh, Chandrasekhar Azad, Surya sen or Netaji. British could have easily stop his funding and closed his Ashrams. But instead why they give front page coverage of Gandhi? Why british did not stop his dandi march by force (remember Jalianwallabag) ?Gandhi seems to be only “freedom fighter” never faced any challenge from British.
DurAtma Gandhi & Nehru.
I do not have respect for Gandhi and his deeds. There is no such thing as non-violence. my definition of non-violence is… I would not inflict a pain on other if there is no harm or attack on my body and mind. If any human or animal tries to destroy my existence physically or by any indirect means. According to my religion Hinduism i am totally allowed to reflect on the actions of other and respond so that i can save my self called Self-Defense.
Gandhi’s definition of NON-VIOLENCE means go get your self beaten like dog. No self respect, No Self-Defense, No-Self-esteem.
The reason i do not have any respect for Gandhi is he taught people to be weak even if the British caused physical and mental damage.
From Ramayana - Ram, Laxman, and the whole Hanuman sena did a full fledge war with Ravan and his army. Why?………. Why Ram did not say to the rest of the world that just take the charkha, do salt march and ravan will leave you alone. Why ram took the weapons and kill yes… KILL RAVAN?
From Mahabharata - Krishna told Arjun - to take the weapon and kill the 100 kauravas.. Go and Kill them.. Why? Why not take the Charkha and Stupid salt march or anshan.??
Gandhi did more destruction of Hindu Bharat then British did. Gandhi implemented this perverted, weak and coward mentality to create an easy exit for brits.
Else, even if there was 100,000 White British solders it would have been easy for India to gain its independence with the population of 12 Crore.
So He may or not may not be British Agent. However, Gandhi, Nehru and all these “owners” of non-violence did greater damage to Indian mindset and nationalism then a many lives that India lost in last 1000 years.. The weak mentality and rapped mind with low-self-esteem cause many complexities within Indian mind. Called..
Inferior Complexity and Mental Slavery still exist.
YES, GANDHIJI IS A BRITISH AGENT
In 1887, Mohandas Gandhi or Gandhiji began his training as a British Secret Service agent in the capital of the Empire.
His cover was "barrister" or "lawyer."
The British were determined to retain the "Jewel in the Crown" at any cost and that necessitated saturating India with British trained spies.
Lord Roberts of Kandahar ("Mr. British Empire") was stationed in India for most of his military career.
He recruited Gandhi for training as a spy.
Aristocratic admiral Edmond Slade provided the finances for Gandhi's training in London.
His daughter Madeline fell "madly in love" with Gandhi!!
In June 1891, his spy training completed, he sailed home to India. When he arrived home to Bombay, no adoring crowds greeted him because the Gandhi legend was not yet born:
The voyage home was a sad one, and his homecoming even more dismal. The Bombay docks were bathed in a misting monsoon rain as he landed on July 5, 1891. Not even the reunion with Kasturbai and his family could lift the gloom–or a growing "sense of helplessness and fear." Within a few months of trying to start his own law practice in Rajkot, he confesses in his autobiography, "I had serious doubts as to whether I should be able even to earn a living." (Herman, Gandhi & Churchill, p. 82).
Gandhi need not have worried about his future as a "lawyer" because admiral Slade and the British Raj was committed to taking care of the financial needs of all of their spies!!
Gandhi fought for the British during the Boer War. Gandhi's propaganda press had preceded him and this time he was hailed as a hero of non-violence and civil rights for the oppressed. The legend of Gandhi was born and a Nobel prize winning poet named Rabindranath Tagore gave him the flattering title Mahatma or "great soul." Madeline Slade followed in the footsteps of her "intelligence officer" father. According to her biography, she fell in love with Gandhi after a French writer named Romain Rolland called him "another Christ" and the greatest figure of the 20th century....Nothing could be further from the TRUTH, she met Gandhi while he was training in London.
Madeline traveled all the way to India to be with her hero Mahatma Gandhi.
She called him "Bapu" (father in Gujerati) and he changed her name to Mirabehn, after Meera Bai, an Indian goddess. Madeline provided the funds from the Bank of England for Gandhi's passive resistance or satyagraha. In 1931, Gandhi left for Britain to discuss Indian "independence."
He was accompanied by his political adviser Mirabehn.
Gandhi was treated like a celebrity during his stay in Britain.
He visited the textile workers in Lancashire which manufactured most of the clothing worn in India.
The financial stakes were enormous for Britain because India was a "captive market" and dumping ground for most of her manufactured goods. As expected, Gandhi played his part as a spy very well and he returned to India empty handed. As well as being a master of disguise, Gandhi had another unique talent for a spy: the ability to fast....Churchill loved the idea of fasting and non-violence because it would accomplish absolutely nothing to free India . . . except help his spy Gandhi to lose weight . . . and live longer. Gandhi went on several long fasts to keep the British in India.
His emaciated homespun frame became an icon around the world.
Subhas Chandra Bose was the real hero of Indian independence and the true FATHER of the Indian Republic. From the very beginning of his quest for Indian freedom from British oppression, he was mightily opposed by Gandhi . . . even to the stratagem of having him poisoned. In February 1938, Subhas Chandra Bose was elected President of the 51st session of the Indian National Congress.
Under his leadership, a united India was on the road to true freedom. As Congress President, Bose worked tirelessly to lay the groundwork for Indian independence and unity: In January 1939, Mr. Bose was reelected to Congress for another year. Gandhi was highly displeased with the result of the election. After visiting him, Bose fell dangerously ill: Unable to get any cooperation from Gandhi, Bose resigned from the Presidency on April 29, 1939. This was a momentous moment for India, as World War II was about to erupt in Europe, and a chance for India to gain independence from Britain.
Subhas Chandra Bose would never have agreed to the partition of India into warring factions. The partition of India caused a dreadful civil war between Hindus and Muslims. Gandhi's answer to the millions who were uprooted from their homes was to FAST. Jawaharlar Nehru worked with Gandhi for the partition of India and he was Prime Minister from 1947 to 1964.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the first "Muslim" governor-general of the newly created nation of Pakistan.
Both men trained as spies in Britain!! In 1947, India was partitioned and 2 hostile nations were created where one nation had existed for 4,000 years. The British divide and rule strategy was applied, with Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims divided along ethnic lines.
After the partition in 1947, a further partition took place in 1971 with the creation of Bangladesh. More countries mean more wars and wasteful military expenditures which could be used to improve the lives of the people. British Secret Service agent Gandhi underwent pagan cremation on January 31, 1948.
A memorial to the spot where he was cremated now exists at Raj Ghat.
Subsequently, mighty man Mahatma Gandhi was canonized by most of the world's religions.
Continued
Was Gandhi a British agent?
If you are the type who believes in school text books you have read, then I need to remind you that “TRUTH IS NOT ABSOLUTE”. Its relative to the time and vantage. I am not against gandhi, he played his part in the struggle for independence. But to give him the sole credit for our independence is pure BULL****. And making him the father of our nation, is brainwashing in full throttle.
Aren't you curious why godse killed Gandhi? 50 yrs of Congress rule had pushed us to the point where discussing this topic itself has become a taboo. If you really want to know the truth don’t rush to conclusions.
nonviolence is a hoax. Countries who are praising gandhi and holding his values high should not have a military. If india really values gandhian principle we shouldn't have the 4th largest armed force in the world.
Military superpowers who have cleansed their ethnics population by force, talking about gandhian values is the joke of this century. Can you really believe that the same persons who staged the "jallianwala bagh" massacre were kind enough to give freedom in the name of gandhian nonviolence ! if it weren't for the germans british would have built the concentration camps first.
gandhi who wanted nonviolence didn't say a word when they hanged our armed freedom fighters and he agreed to the idea of sending millions of indians to fight for the british in the world war. They were using gandhi to control the mob. And he saved the number of police personnels they required.
After the war, london was a pile of rubble and dust and they had to rebuild it. They were in too many places to control them all. if the world war had not happened then, do you really believe that brits would have left india. Even before, they have looted every thing and they had no reason to stay behind. With SubashBose’s-INA and all the indians who fought for the brits returning back to india, they had no option but to leave India for good.
gandhi is just a poker face of the retreating BRITISH. brits used gandhi's face to save their own.
Wake up NEO, you are inside MATRIX built by our beloved Nehru.
And to your question : ofcourse British used him to their advantage. Whether Gandhi willingly participated, is another question which only he can answer.
Gandhiji once recited the Quran at a Valmiki Basti Temple in Delhi. The woman got up from the crowd and asked Gandhi not to do that. Gandhi asked, "Why?" The woman said it was "against our religion." Gandhi said, "I don't believe so." The woman replied that we do not consider you worthy to order our religion.
Gandhi said to take the vote of the people present there. "Can religion be determined by votes?" the woman asked. Gandhi responded, "You are hindering my religion." The woman replied that he is illegally interfering in the religion of crores of Hindus. Gandhi said, "I listen to the Quran." The woman said that she oppose it.
Hundreds of Valmiki youths stood up for the woman and said, "Read the Quran in this temple, but before reciting the Quran in the temple recite the Gita or Ramayana in mosque.” Seeing the growing protests, Gandhi called the police who arrived and caught the protesters. 107 cases were registered against them.
Gandhi then recited the Quran in the same temple under police protection.
Some people don't like Gandhiji because of his hypocrisy.
Source: Vishwashghat by Guru Dutt
We don’t know if Gandhi was an agent of British.
However, one can argue that non violence freedom fight was comparatively easier for British to suppress than the fight with violence. May be it’s a coincidence that Gandhi’s methods of freedom fight made things easy for British to rule india.
How come Gandhi spend his time in freedom fight in public while all other leaders like Azad, neta ji, savarkar , many communist leaders etc had to live in exile or under cover most of the time in their life.
Gandhi got a reasonably comfortable life for freedom fight, while all others leaders who are not his followers lived either in exile or under cover or in prison for many many years.
In the end , British gave freedom to the fact that they got bankrupt due to world wars and have no resources and money left to manage colonies including India. All Asian , Africans counties got freedom.
Yes..He was hired by British intelligence to implement a new warfare called Non-Violence and Satyagraha and against Winston Churchill.He belonged to an elite black-ops division of British Intelligence reporting specifically to the Queen and was used by the crown to diminish Churchill's growing influence .The Biritish Royality had good intelligence that Churchill was conspiring against the Crown and was working on a civil war that would convert great Britain into a real Democracy; so Sherlock Holmes(actually he had earlier faked his death and then as a true Brit answered to the call of the queen and country) was hired to make a team of highly skilled field agents who's primary task was to break Churchill politically .Shelock Holmes recruited Gandhi directly from Law School and Gandhi accomplished his mission by rallying India towards freedom which proved to be a political catastrophe for Churchill.
Unfortunately Gandhi was Killed by Nathuram Godse who was one of member of Churchill's Kill squad called "Jan-sangh" <\b>
Quoting Gandhi's own words from 2 books - Complete Works of Mohandas Gandhi and S. African Gandhi-In my humble opinion no Indian has co-operated with the British Government more than I have for an unbroken period of twenty-nine years of public life in the face of circumstances that might well have turned any other man into a rebel....I put my life in peril four times for the cause of the empire --- at the time of the Boer War when I was in charge of the Ambulance Corps whose work was mentioned in General Buller's dispatches, at the time of the Zulu revolt in Natal when I was in charge of a similar corps, at the time of the commencement of the late war when I raised an Ambulance Corps and as a result of the strenuous training had severe attack of pleurisy, and lastly; in fulfilment of my promise to Lord Chelmsford at the War Conference in Delhi, I threw myself in such an active recruiting campaign in Kheda district involving long and trying marches, that I had an attack of dysentery which proved almost fatal. I did all these in the belief that acts such as mine must gain for my country and equal status in the empire. -- M. K. Gandhi ("The Every Englishman in India" YI: 27 October 1920; CWMG 14: 385
These are the words of your favorite 'freedom fighter' who never was a threat to British East India company, was never harmed by the Britishers, not even in jail, which is fish due to the fact that in Jaliyawala, people were massacred even though they were roaming there normally while Gandhi marched against the government twice but still not even in 'Lathi' was charged at him. Strange! because even Lala Lajpat Rai's last movement was peaceful and Non-Violent. Anyways,
As the years roll on, the memory of that noble lady remains its fresh as ever. Her interest in India and its people was intense, and in return, she received the whole -hearted affections of India's millions.... The great British Empire has not risen to its present proud position by methods of oppression, nor is it possible to hold that position by unfair treatment of it loyal subjects. British Indians have always been most devoted to their Sovereign, and the Empire has lost nothing by including them among its subjects.....We venture to suggest that, if there were more of Queen Victoria's spirit of enlightenment put into the affairs of the Empire, we should be worthier followers of so great an Empire-builder (IO: 26 May 1906; CWMG 5:228).
Britishers were peaceful creations of god according to the great Mahatma. Not a single soul was harmed, not even a scratch was put on a child during the British rule. No oppression...Naah...Even India who was called Golden Bird had blooming business during British rule. Diamonds started raining here during Queen Victoria's reign.
I recognise that, in the hour of its danger, we must give -- as we have decided to give--- ungrudging and unequivocal support to the Empire, of which we aspire, in the near future, to be partners in the same sense as the Dominions overseas...If I could make my countrymen retrace my steps, I would make them withdraw all the Congress resolutions, and not whisper 'Home Rule' or 'Responsible Government' during the pendency of the War. I would make India offer all her able-bodied sons as a sacrifice to the Empire at its critical moment; and I know that india by this very act would become the most favoured partner in the Empire and racial distinctions would become a thing of the past (CWMG 17: 7-8).
Moreover, the words above, were in connection to World War 2. Why would a follower of Ahimsa, suddenly ask his men to 'fight' in World War, for the cause of the British empire? Why would he send Indians to war for the British?
Inglorious Empire: What the British Did to IndiaI was really angry that the audible left off all the subtitles!!! Made it less comprehensible. And when I highlighted the subtitle it said: "This highlight has been truncated due to consecutive passage length restrictions". Now we are talking about a subtitle here, I highlighted paragraphs that didn't get that restriction... I mean it was like it was on purpose when they/ he does it in the audible and the highlights. So I am going to write them out here and even though they are not sectioned off so you know where they exactly came into the text I think it shows an outline. It also shows a pattern that I think was trying to be kept concealed unless you bought the book/kindle.
when it wasn't clear what the subtitle was about and for my information I added the following text after substitle.
Chapter 1: The Looting of India
The Conquest of India by a Corporation
The Deindustrialization of India: Taxation, Corruption and the Nabobs
Extraction, Taxation and Diamonds
Revenue Collection and the Drain of Resources
The Destruction of Shipping and Ship Building
Sealing From India Steel
Chapter 2 Did British Give India Politica Unity?
The Destruction of Political Institutions
The Crown Takes Over Its Jewel
The Un-Indian Civil Service
Indians in Imperial Service
Imperial Racisms: Only Disconnect
But this was deliberate policy, William Makepeace Thackeray spoke of the need to suppress 'haughtiness', 'deep thought' and 'independence of spirit in India: 'they are directly adverse to our powers and interest. We do not want generals, statesmen and legislators. We want industrious husbandmen'. The result, of course , was racist discrimination in every sphere. As a tract put out by the Indian National Party in London in 1915 argued: 'It is not the Roman System of thoroughly Latinizing and assimilating the subject races that is tried by England, but the system of exploitation and degradation of a race by another for the material benefits of the latter.'
British Governance, the Swadeshi Movement and the Absent of Mahtma Gandi
The Great War and the Great Betrayal
Chapter 3 Democracy, The Press, The Parlimentary
System and the Rule of Law
The (Partly) Free Press
The Parliamentary System in India
'Rule of Law' : The Boot and the Spleen
Non-Interference or Manipulation?
Chapter 4 Divide Et Impera
If British claims to creating viable political institutions in India, a democratic spirit, an efficient bureaucracy and the rule of law all seem hallow after the analysis in the previous chapter, it is their overarching assertion of having bequeathed India its political unity that underpins these claims. But while the events outlined above were occurring, another anti-democratic British project was coming to fruition that would discredit any credible view that the political unity of India was an objective of British colonialism.
The sight of Hindu and Muslim soldiers rebelling together in 1857 and fighting side by side, willing to rally under the command of each other and pledge joint allegiance to the enfeebled Mughal monarch, had alarmed the British, who did not take long to conclude that dividing the two groups and pitting them against one another was the most effective way to ensure the unchallenged continuance of Empire. As early as 1859, the then British governor of Bombay, Lord Elphinstone, advised London that 'Divide et impera was the old Roman maxim, and it should be ours'. (He was not quite right: the term was not by the Romans, but by Philip II of Macedonia, though some Roman conquerors followed it's precepts.) A few decades later Sir Joehn Strachey opined that 'the existence of hostile creds among the Indian people' was essential for 'our political position in India'.
Caste, Race and Classification
The British Puditocracy
In the late eighteenth century, when the East India Company was establishing its stranglehold on India and its senior officials included some wit a genuine interest in understanding the country, (their myths) The British began to study the shastras, or Sanskrit treatises covering law and much else beside, in order to develop a set of legal principles to help them adjudicate disputes in Indian society. Governor General Warren Hastings hired eleven pandits (Brahmin scholars to create what became know as the Code of Gentoo Laws or the Ordinations of the Pandits. As the British could not read or interpret the ancient Sanskrit texts, they asked the Brahmin advisers to create the code. based on religious Indian texts and their knowledge of Indian customs. The resulting output was an 'Anglo-Brahminical' text that arguable violated in both letter and spirit the actual practice: in letter, because it was imprecise in regard to the originals, and in spirit, because the pandits took advantage of the assignment to favor their own casts, by interpreting and even creating sacrosanct 'customs' that in fact had no shastric authority. This served to magnify the problem of caste hierarchy in the country.
Prior to this, scholars argue, disputes in Indian civil society were settled by jati or biradri (caste or clan(, i.e. a person's fate was decided within a community or clan by his own peers in accordance with their local traditions and values and without needing approval from any higher caste authority. The pandits, instead of reflecting this widespread practice, cited doctrinal justifications from long-neglected texts to enshrine their status as the only authority figures, and most of British took them at their word.
How the Census Undermined Consensus
British cartography defined spaces the better to rule them; the map became and instrument of colonial control. Even the valuable British legacy, the museum, was devised in furtherance of the imperil project because here objects, artefacts and symbols could be appropriated, named, labelled, arranged, ordered, classified and thus controlled, exactly as the people could be.
The census joined the map and the museum as tools of British imperial dominance in the nineteenth century....The census reconfirmed the process of defining castes, allocating them certain attributes and inventing extraordinary labels for entire communities, such as 'martial races' and 'criminal tribes.' (Like Hilary's 'super predator'). Just as 'Brahmin' became a sought-after designation enshrining social standing, the census definition of an individual's caste tended to seal the fate of any 'Shudra' , by fixing his identity across the entire country. Whereas prior to British rule the Shudra had only to leave his village and try his fortunes in a different princely state in India where his caste would not have followed him, colonialism made him a Shudra for life, wherever he was. The British belief in the fighting qualities of the 'martial races' also restricted the career possibilities of those not so classified, since British army recruitment policies were usually based on caste classifications.
The Hindu-Muslim Divide
Religion became a useful means of divide and rule...a deliberate strategy... The first was the division of Indian history into 'periods' labelled in accordance with the religion of the rulers: thus the 'Hindu', 'Muslim' and 'British' periods formulated by James Mill in The History of British India. (Note: Control the History and you control the future.)
A Saint Among Sinners (Mahatma Gandhi)
Or was he a British Agent?
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Stumbling Towards Armageddon
Churchill had strong views on Gandhi. Commenting on the Mahatma's meeting with the viceroy of India, 1931, he had notoriously declared: 'It is alarming and nauseating to see Mr. Gandhi, a seditious Middle Temple lawyer, now posing as a fakir of a type well known in the east, striding half naked up the steps of the vice regal palace, while he is still organizing and conducting a campaign of civil disobedience, to parlay on equal terms with the representative of the Emperor-King. (author goes into a rant about Churchill )
Endgame: Election, Revolt, Division
The British had not covered themselves with glory during the war. They had run a military dictatorship in a country that they had claimed to be preparing for democracy. They had presided over one of the worst famines in human history, the Bengal Famine of 1943, while diverting food (on Churchill's personal orders) (Note: Check this out) from starving civilians to well supplied Tommies.
The Muslim League leader declared 16 August 1946 as 'Direct Action Day' to drive home this demand. Thousands of Muslim Leaguers took to the streets in an orgy of violence, looting and mayhem, and 16,000 innocents were killed in the resulting clashes, particularly in Calcutta. The police and army stood idly by: it seemed the British had decided to leave their former imperial capital to the mob. Three days of communal rioting in the city left death and destruction in their wake before the army finally stepped in. But the carnage and hatred had also ripped apart something indefinable in the national psyche. Reconciliation now seemed impossible.
Two Surrenders: The British Give Up and the Congress Gives In
Quitting India, Creating Pakistan
Chapter 5 The Myth of Enlightened Despotism
Feast and Famine: The British and 'Starving India'
Enormous profits were made out of the calamity, and in the circumstances, profits for some meant death for others.
Forced Migration: Transportation and Indentured Labour
In the British empire, transportation to penal colonies became a preferred method of dealing with overcrowded prisons in England as well as ensuring the supply of manpower to the under populated colonies. The flow of convict labor, run by the government, was soon integrated with the privately controlled trade in indentured laborers to the Caribbean and the American colonies. This policy was also applied to India.
The Brutish Raj
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
Chapter 6: The Remaining Case for Empire
The railways were first conceived of by the East India Company, like everything else in that firm's calculations, for its own benefit.
Education and the English Language
Textual Harassment - rewriting India's history
Tea Without Sympathy
The Indian Game o f Cricket
Chapter 7 The (IM) Balance Sheet
A Coda -
Imperial pretensions, Colonial Consequences
The Moral Barrier
Chapter 8 The Messy Afterlife of Colonialism
Imperial Amnesia
Returning the Jewel in the Crown
Resisting Colonialism: The appeal of Gandhism
Cast a Long Shadow: The Residual Problem of Colonialism
She Was Good for Nothing THE mayor stood at the open window. He looked smart, for his shirt-frill, in which he had stuck a breast-pin, and his ruffles, were very fine. He had shaved his chin uncommonly smooth, although he had cut himself slightly, and had stuck a piece of newspaper over the place. "Hark 'ee, youngster!" cried he. The boy to whom he spoke was no other than the son of a poor washer-woman, who was just going past the house. He stopped, and respectfully took off his cap. The peak of this cap was broken in the middle, so that he could easily roll it up and put it in his pocket. He stood before the mayor in his poor but clean and well-mended clothes, with heavy wooden shoes on his feet, looking as humble as if it had been the king himself. "You are a good and civil boy," said the mayor. "I suppose your mother is busy washing the clothes down by the river, and you are going to carry that thing to her that you have in your pocket. It is very bad for your mother. How much have you got in it?" "Only half a quartern," stammered the boy in a frightened voice. "And she has had just as much this morning already?" "No, it was yesterday," replied the boy. "Two halves make a whole," said the mayor. "She's good for nothing. What a sad thing it is with these people. Tell your mother she ought to be ashamed of herself. Don't you become a drunkard, but I expect you will though. Poor child! there, go now." The boy went on his way with his cap in his hand, while the wind fluttered his golden hair till the locks stood up straight. He turned round the corner of the street into the little lane that led to the river, where his mother stood in the water by her washing bench, beating the linen with a heavy wooden bar. The floodgates at the mill had been drawn up, and as the water rolled rapidly on, the sheets were dragged along by the stream, and nearly overturned the bench, so that the washer-woman was obliged to lean against it to keep it steady. "I have been very nearly carried away," she said; "it is a good thing that you are come, for I want something to strengthen me. It is cold in the water, and I have stood here six hours. Have you brought anything for me?" The boy drew the bottle from his pocket, and the mother put it to her lips, and drank a little. "Ah, how much good that does, and how it warms me," she said; "it is as good as a hot meal, and not so dear. Drink a little, my boy; you look quite pale; you are shivering in your thin clothes, and autumn has really come. Oh, how cold the water is! I hope I shall not be ill. But no, I must not be afraid of that. Give me a little more, and you may have a sip too, but only a sip; you must not get used to it, my poor, dear child." She stepped up to the bridge on which the boy stood as she spoke, and came on shore. The water dripped from the straw mat which she had bound round her body, and from her gown. "I work hard and suffer pain with my poor hands," said she, "but I do it willingly, that I may be able to bring you up honestly and truthfully, my dear boy." At the same moment, a woman, rather older than herself, came towards them. She was a miserable-looking object, lame of one leg, and with a large false curl hanging down over one of her eyes, which was blind. This curl was intended to conceal the blind eye, but it made the defect only more visible. She was a friend of the laundress, and was called, among the neighbors, "Lame Martha, with the curl." "Oh, you poor thing; how you do work, standing there in the water!" she exclaimed. "You really do need something to give you a little warmth, and yet spiteful people cry out about the few drops you take." And then Martha repeated to the laundress, in a very few minutes, all that the mayor had said to her boy, which she had overheard; and she felt very angry that any man could speak, as he had done, of a mother to her own child, about the few drops she had taken; and she was still more angry because, on that very day, the mayor was going to have a dinner- party, at which there would be wine, strong, rich wine, drunk by the bottle. "Many will take more than they ought, but they don't call that drinking! They are all right, you are good for nothing indeed!" cried Martha indignantly. "And so he spoke to you in that way, did he, my child?" said the washer-woman, and her lips trembled as she spoke. "He says you have a mother who is good for nothing. Well, perhaps he is right, but he should not have said it to my child. How much has happened to me from that house!" "Yes," said Martha; "I remember you were in service there, and lived in the house when the mayor's parents were alive; how many years ago that is. Bushels of salt have been eaten since then, and people may well be thirsty," and Martha smiled. "The mayor's great dinner-party to-day ought to have been put off, but the news came too late. The footman told me the dinner was already cooked, when a letter came to say that the mayor's younger brother in Copenhagen is dead." "Dead!" cried the laundress, turning pale as death. "Yes, certainly," replied Martha; "but why do you take it so much to heart? I suppose you knew him years ago, when you were in service there?" "Is he dead?" she exclaimed. "Oh, he was such a kind, good-hearted man, there are not many like him," and the tears rolled down her cheeks as she spoke. Then she cried, "Oh, dear me; I feel quite ill: everything is going round me, I cannot bear it. Is the bottle empty?" and she leaned against the plank. "Dear me, you are ill indeed," said the other woman. "Come, cheer up; perhaps it will pass off. No, indeed, I see you are really ill; the best thing for me to do is to lead you home." "But my washing yonder?" "I will take care of that. Come, give me your arm. The boy can stay here and take care of the linen, and I'll come back and finish the washing; it is but a trifle."The limbs of the laundress shook under her, and she said, "I have stood too long in the cold water, and I have had nothing to eat the whole day since the morning. O kind Heaven, help me to get home; I am in a burning fever. Oh, my poor child," and she burst into tears. And he, poor boy, wept also, as he sat alone by the river, near to and watching the damp linen. The two women walked very slowly. The laundress slipped and tottered through the lane, and round the corner, into the street where the mayor lived; and just as she reached the front of his house, she sank down upon the pavement. Many persons came round her, and Lame Martha ran into the house for help. The mayor and his guests came to the window. "Oh, it is the laundress," said he; "she has had a little drop too much. She is good for nothing. It is a sad thing for her pretty little son. I like the boy very well; but the mother is good for nothing." After a while the laundress recovered herself, and they led her to her poor dwelling, and put her to bed. Kind Martha warmed a mug of beer for her, with butter and sugar—she considered this the best medicine—and then hastened to the river, washed and rinsed, badly enough, to be sure, but she did her best. Then she drew the linen ashore, wet as it was, and laid it in a basket. Before evening, she was sitting in the poor little room with the laundress. The mayor's cook had given her some roasted potatoes and a beautiful piece of fat for the sick woman. Martha and the boy enjoyed these good things very much; but the sick woman could only say that the smell was very nourishing, she thought. By-and-by the boy was put to bed, in the same bed as the one in which his mother lay; but he slept at her feet, covered with an old quilt made of blue and white patchwork. The laundress felt a little better by this time. The warm beer had strengthened her, and the smell of the good food had been pleasant to her. "Many thanks, you good soul," she said to Martha. "Now the boy is asleep, I will tell you all. He is soon asleep. How gentle and sweet he looks as he lies there with his eyes closed! He does not know how his mother has suffered; and Heaven grant he never may know it. I was in service at the counsellor's, the father of the mayor, and it happened that the youngest of his sons, the student, came home. I was a young wild girl then, but honest; that I can declare in the sight of Heaven. The student was merry and gay, brave and affectionate; every drop of blood in him was good and honorable; a better man never lived on earth. He was the son of the house, and I was only a maid; but he loved me truly and honorably, and he told his mother of it. She was to him as an angel upon earth; she was so wise and loving. He went to travel, and before he started he placed a gold ring on my finger; and as soon as he was out of the house, my mistress sent for me. Gently and earnestly she drew me to her, and spake as if an angel were speaking. She showed me clearly, in spirit and in truth, the difference there was between him and me. 'He is pleased now,' she said, 'with your pretty face; but good looks do not last long. You have not been educated like he has. You are not equals in mind and rank, and therein lies the misfortune. I esteem the poor,' she added. 'In the sight of God, they may occupy a higher place than many of the rich; but here upon earth we must beware of entering upon a false track, lest we are overturned in our plans, like a carriage that travels by a dangerous road. I know a worthy man, an artisan, who wishes to marry you. I mean Eric, the glovemaker. He is a widower, without children, and in a good position. Will you think it over?' Every word she said pierced my heart like a knife; but I knew she was right, and the thought pressed heavily upon me. I kissed her hand, and wept bitter tears, and I
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This is why this outline is important.
Chapter 1: The Looting of India
The Conquest of India by a Corporation
The Deindustrialization of India: Taxation, Corruption and the Nabobs
Extraction, Taxation and Diamonds
Revenue Collection and the Drain of Resources
The Destruction of Shipping and Ship Building
Sealing From India Steel
Nanowrimo ideasAlphabet wheel
https://www.goodreads.com/topic/show/...
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=V_v7q4E...
Graphic novel
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=V_v7q4E...
Part 2
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Q35rOhz...
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/...
Five Essential Books Of Tarot Fiction
https://www.spiralnature.com/culture/...
Playing Cards - Documents and Articles
http://trionfi.com/0/p/28/#:~:text=Ta....
Macaronic language
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macar...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teofi...
https://www.spiralnature.com/topic/ta...
Poetry
https://www.spiralnature.com/topic/po...
Churchill, Hitler and "The Unnecessary War": How Britain Lost Its Empire and the West Lost the World
Manifesto of the Ninety Three
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manif...
Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market
Peels Act of 1844
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_...
https://archive.org/details/Against_H...
https://archive.org/details/WebOfDebt...
The Moonstone
Books mentioned
Robinson Crusoe
Pamela
Also mentioned in An Amateur Peasant Girl
The Man of Feeling
The Life of Lorenzo de' Medici, called the Magnificent:
The History Of The Reign Of The Emperor Charles The Fifth; Volume 3
The Rogue HypnotistHow to Manipulate Everyone: Defend Your Mind
Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine, from the Danube to the Caucasus
https://archive.org/details/scythians...
The White Goddess: A Historical Grammar of Poetic Myth
https://archive.org/details/whitegodd...
Arthur, The Dragon King: The Barbaric Roots Of Britain's Greatest Legend
https://archive.org/details/arthurdra...
John C. Lilly
Simulations of God: The Science of Belief
The Center of the Cyclone: Looking into Inner Space
Programming & Metaprogramming in the Human Biocomputer: Theory & Experiments
https://archive.org/details/programmi...
Heavily influenced by:
Olaf Stapledon
Last and First Men/Star Maker
He invented the idea of the 'Dyson sphere', a divice that enclosed stars and star systems in gauze light traps that would better harvest solar energy for 'intellegent 'use. That is, in true Gnostic fashion, to improve on nature.
He belonged to:
Federal Union group in WW2
https://federalunion.org.uk/about/birth
He wrote about a dog that had human intelligence
Lilly's work was adapted into two feature films, The Day of the Dolphin and Altered States.
Behold: the Intra-Naut! In book 2, How to Manipulate Everyone - Defend Your Brain, we will examine what Lilly claimed his wacky experiments discovered. I will also reveal to you the ‘esoteric’ meaning of Kubrick’s 2001, A Space Odyssey.
Because by understanding that you will understand what Lilly, Aldous Huxley, Timothy Leary etc. were up to. I will also go far deeper into the topic of real ‘brainwashing’. We are just dipping our toes in at level 1. But this we know: there are indeed techniques for altering the mind. These rely primarily on restricting and controlling the flow of information into a bio-computer. The type of information you input not only creates a receptive state for reprogramming, but also makes that reprogramming more likely to ‘take’. Thus turning our free human into a potential bio-robot. And we don’t even need modern technological assistance; though in the next book, we’ll examine just how it could help create an uber cult mass following all that more easily. Readers who wish to further research this topic should read: Programming and Metaprogramming in the Human Biocomputer by Dr. John Lilly.
The Rogue Hypnotist. How to Manipulate Everyone: Exposing the Mind Benders (pp. 64-65). Kindle Edition.
How to Manipulate Everyone: Defend Your Mind
Rape of the Masses: The Psychology of Totalitarian Political Propaganda
https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet...
Bookonopoly Member Pick Book List1. From the Tree to the Labyrinth: Historical Studies on the Sign and Interpretation
2. Foucault's Pendulum
3. D’Aulaires’ Book of Greek Myths
4. Bringing Down the House: The Inside Story of Six M.I.T. Students Who Took Vegas for Millions
5. Don't Look Now and Other Stories
6. The Birds and Other Stories
7. The Forgotten Slave Trade: The White European Slaves of Islam
8.The Adventure of English: The Biography of a Language
9.On Nineteen Eighty-Four: A Biography of George Orwell’s Masterpiece
10. Becoming Beatrix: The Life of Beatrix Potter and the World of Peter Rabbit
11. The Noble Approach: Maurice Noble and the Zen of Animation Design
12. The Fourth Turning: What the Cycles of History Tell Us about America's Next Rendezvous with Destiny
13. Splendour & Squalor: The Disgrace and Disintegration of Three Aristocratic Dynasties
14. The Golden Ass
15. City
16. The Heresy of Dr Dee
17 On Literature
18.Lectures on Literature
19. Lectures on Russian Literature
20. Pawns in the Game
21.SATAN, Prince of This World - Original Edition
22. The Secrets of Alchemy
23. Out of Revolution: Autobiography of Western Man
24.Doctor Zhivago
25. The Republic
26. Life and Death in Shanghai
27.The Mysterious Affair at Styles
28. N or M?
29. Julius
30. The Twelve Caesars
31. The Poetry of Pablo Neruda
32. All The King's Men
33.A Pocket Full of Rye
34. The Mirror Cracked from Side to Side
Alexander Pushkin: Egyptian Nights and Other Tales of Imagination and Romance
Tales of Belkin with the History of the Village of Goryukhino
Wisdom:
He who disobeys reason and yields to the inclination of his passions, often goes wrong and ends by repenting when it is often too late.
See that you are not too troublesome or I will beat the folly out of your heads faster than the fumes of yesterdays drink.
Short Stories: The Shot, The Snowstorm, The Coffin-Maker, The Postmaster, An Amateur Peasant Girl
An Amateur Peasant Girl:
What need have we to ruin ourselves in the English style, when we have enough to do to keep the wolves from the door in the Russian style.
When I think about this story maybe I need to think about how these two came together...and where the English Style was the railroads perhaps?? The investers? The stock holders. The Russian style is like Tolstoy.
The country girl verses the city girl.
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/55219...
Miss Jackson, her governess, an affected old maid of forty, who powdered her face and darkened her eyebrows, read through "Pamela"[2] twice a year, for which she received two thousand roubles, and felt almost bored to death in this barbarous Russia of ours.
Those of my readers who have never lived in the country, cannot imagine how charming these provincial young ladies are! Brought up in the pure air, under the shadow of the apple trees of their gardens, they derive their knowledge of the world and of life chiefly from books. Solitude, freedom, and reading develop very early within them sentiments and passions unknown to our town-bred beauties. For the young ladies of the country the sound of the post-bell is an event; a journey to the nearest town marks an epoch in their lives, and the visit of a guest leaves behind a long, and sometimes an eternal recollection. Of course everybody is at liberty to laugh at some of their peculiarities, but the jokes of a superficial observer cannot nullify their essential merits, the chief of which is that personality of character, that individualité without which, in Jean Paul's opinion, there can be no human greatness. In the capitals, women receive perhaps a better instruction, but intercourse with the world soon levels the character and makes their souls as uniform as their head-dresses.
The Queen of Spades
And, in truth, Lizaveta Ivanovna was a very unfortunate creature. "The bread of the stranger is bitter," says Dante, "and his staircase hard to climb." But who can know what the bitterness of dependence is so well as the poor companion of an old lady of quality? The Countess A—— had by no means a bad heart, but she was capricious, like a woman who had been spoilt by the world, as well as being avaricious and egotistical, like all old people who have seen their best days, and whose thoughts are with the past and not the present.
"if the old Countess would but reveal her secret to me! if she would only tell me the names of the three winning cards. Why should I not try my fortune? I must get introduced to her and win her favour—become her lover.... But all that will take time, and she is eighty-seven years old: she might be dead in a week, in a couple of days even!... But the story itself: can it really be true?... No! Economy, temperance and industry: those are my three winning cards; by means of them I shall be able to double my capital—increase it sevenfold, and procure for myself ease and independence."
Husky October -December
https://www.goodreads.com/topic/show/...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_...
Johann Adam Weishaupt 6 February 1748 – 18 November 1830) was a German philosopher, professor of civil law and later canon law, and founder of the Illuminati.
After Pope Clement XIV's suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1773, Weishaupt became a professor of canon law, a position that was held exclusively by the Jesuits until that time. In 1775 Weishaupt was introduced to the empirical philosophy of Johann Georg Heinrich Feder of the University of Göttingen. Both Feder and Weishaupt would later become opponents of Kantian idealism.
On 1 May 1776 Johann Adam Weishaupt founded the "Illuminati" in the Electorate of Bavaria. Initially Illumination was designated for a group of outstanding and enlightened individuals in the society. Indeed, the word was adapted from a Latin root, Iluminatus, which directly translates to "enlightened." He also adopted the name of "Brother Spartacus" within the order. Even encyclopedia references vary on the goal of the order, such as Catholic Encyclopedia (1910) saying the Order was not egalitarian or democratic internally, but sought to promote the doctrines of equality and freedom throughout society; while others such as Collier's have said the aim was to combat religion and foster rationalism in its place. The Illuminati was formed with the vision of liberating humans from religious bondage and undermining corrupted governments.
The actual character of the society was an elaborate network of spies and counter-spies. Each isolated cell of initiates reported to a superior, whom they did not know: a party structure that was effectively adopted by some later groups.[18]
Weishaupt was initiated into the Masonic lodge "Theodor zum guten Rath", at Munich in 1777. His project of "illumination, enlightening the understanding by the sun of reason, which will dispel the clouds of superstition and of prejudice" was an unwelcome reform. [failed verification] He used Freemasonry to recruit for his own quasi-masonic society, with the goal of "perfecting human nature" through re-education to achieve a communal state with nature, freed of government and organized religion. Presenting their own system as pure masonry, Weishaupt and Adolph Freiherr Knigge, who organised his ritual structure, greatly expanded the secret organisation.
May 1, - November 18= 201 days
Died
18 November 1830 (aged 82)
Timofey Granovsky
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timof...
He studied at the universities of Moscow and Berlin, where he was profoundly influenced by Hegelian ideas of Leopold von Ranke and Friedrich Karl von Savigny. He felt that the Western history was superior to that of his own country and became the first Russian to deliver courses on the medieval history of Western Europe (1839). Due to the strict censorship of the period, Granovsky assumed that lecturing provided a surer way of disseminating Western ideals in Russia than writing. His major printed work was his doctoral dissertation of 1849, Abbat Sugerii (Abbot Suger), in which he "portrayed the great abbot as the architect of royal centralization."
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suger
Royal Centralization and Cathedrals
Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novel The Possessed features a character, Stepan Trofimovich Verkhovensky, that is partly based on Granovsky. According to Cole, this "liberal who unwittingly inspired a generation of nihilists is unfair to Granovsky but is nevertheless another tribute to his importance as an inspiring teacher and a man of his age.
The Tower of Babel (Hebrew: מִגְדַּל בָּבֶל, Migdal Bavel) narrative in Genesis 11:1–9 is an origin myth meant to explain why the world's peoples speak different languages.[1][2][3][4]
Tower of Babel
מִגְדַּל בָּבֶל
According to the story, a united human race speaking a single language and migrating eastward, comes to the land of Shinar (שִׁנְעָר). There they agree to build a city and a tower with its top in the sky. Yahweh, observing their city and tower, confounds their speech so that they can no longer understand each other, and scatters them around the world.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower...
Therefore it was called Babel,[c] because there the LORD confused the language of all the earth, and from there the LORD scattered them abroad over the face of all the earth.
— Genesis 11:9 NRSVUE[7]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradl...
A cradle of civilization is a location and a culture where civilization was created by mankind independent of other civilizations in other locations. The formation of urban settlements (cities) is the primary characteristic of a society that can be characterized as "civilized". Other characteristics of civilization include a sedentary non-nomadic population, monumental architecture, the existence of social classes and inequality, and the creation of a writing system for communication. The transition from simpler societies to the complex society of a civilization is gradual.
Faust, Part Two
Pawns in the Game
"Whisper" Musings of a Cat on the book The Catcher in the RyeThe Adventures of Don Sylvio de Rosalva
By Christoph Martin Wieland
https://archive.org/details/adventure...
sentimental novel, broadly, any novel that exploits the reader’s capacity for tenderness, compassion, or sympathy to a disproportionate degree by presenting a beclouded or unrealistic view of its subject.
Manon Lescaut
Caul
https://caulbearersunited.webs.com/no...
The Life of Maximilien Robespierre: With Extracts from His Unpublished Correspondence
https://archive.org/details/lifemaxim...
The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte
Volumn I
https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_75...
Volumn II
https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Ls...
Volumn III
https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Q5...
Volumn IV
https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_H3...
https://archive.org/details/miscellan...
Volumn V
https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Xf...
Volumn VI
https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_FK...
Volumn VII
https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_fW...
Vol IX
https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_L9...
The Downfall of Napoleon: His Escape from Elba, the Battle of Waterloo, Captivity in St. Helena, and Death; From Sir Walter Scott's Life of Napoleon Buonaparte
https://archive.org/details/downfallo...
Demons
The Mass Psychosis and the Demons of Dostoevsky
https://academyofideas.com/2021/03/ma...
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=QFie-UC...
https://academyofideas.com/books/
Philosophy
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr...
Chaadayev [ Tchaadaev ] wrote eight "Philosophical Letters"[2] about Russia in French between 1826 and 1831, which circulated among intellectuals in Russia in manuscript form for many years. They comprise an indictment of Russian culture for its laggard role far behind the leaders of Western civilization. He cast doubt on the greatness of the Russian past, and ridiculed Orthodoxy for failing to provide a sound spiritual basis for the Russian mind. He extolled the achievements of Europe, especially in rational and logical thought, its progressive spirit, its leadership in science, and indeed its leadership on the path to freedom. The Russian government saw his ideas as dangerous and unsound. After some were published, they were all banned by the censorship process. Because there was nothing to charge him with, Chaadayev was declared legally insane and put under constant medical supervision, though this was a formality rather than a real administrative abuse.
Influenced by:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fried...
His time at Jena (1798–1803) put Schelling at the centre of the intellectual ferment of Romanticism. He was on close terms with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who appreciated the poetic quality of the Naturphilosophie, reading Von der Weltseele. As the prime minister of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, Goethe invited Schelling to Jena. On the other hand, Schelling was unsympathetic to the ethical idealism that animated the work of Friedrich Schiller, the other pillar of Weimar Classicism. Later, in Schelling's Vorlesung über die Philosophie der Kunst (Lecture on the Philosophy of Art, 1802/03), Schiller's theory on the sublime was closely reviewed.
The PossessedPetersburg as that of a former star in a celebrated constellation. He was even for some reason compared with Radishtchev. Then some one printed the statement that he was dead and promised an obituary notice of him. Stepan Trofimovitch instantly perked up and assumed an air of immense dignity. All his disdain for his contemporaries evaporated and he began to cherish the dream of joining the movement and showing his powers. Varvara Petrovna's faith in everything instantly revived and she was thrown into a violent ferment. It was decided to go to Petersburg without a moment's delay, to find out everything on the spot, to go into everything personally, and, if possible, to throw themselves heart and soul into the new movement. Among
Alexander Nikolayevich Radishchev (Russian: Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Ради́щев; 31 August [O.S. 20 August] 1749 – 24 September [O.S. 12 September] 1802) was a Russian author and social critic who was arrested and exiled under Catherine the Great. He brought the tradition of radicalism in Russian literature to prominence with his 1790 novel Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow. His depiction of socio-economic conditions in Russia resulted in his exile to Siberia until 1797.
For several years he studied at the University of Leipzig. His foreign education influenced his approach to Russian society, and upon his return he hoped to incorporate Enlightenment philosophies such as natural law and the social contract into Russian conditions. Even as he served as a Titular Councillor, drafting legal protocols, in Catherine's civil service, he lauded revolutionaries like George Washington, praised the early stages of the French Revolution, and found himself enamored of the Russian Freemason, Nicholas Ivanovich Novikov, whose publication The Drone offered the first public critiques of the government, particularly with regards to serfdom.[5] Novikov's sharp satire and indignation inspired Radischev's most famous work – Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow – in which he emulates Novikov's harsh and passionate style. He too was especially critical of serfdom and of the limits to personal freedom imposed by the autocracy.[6]
The Empress Catherine the Great read the work, viewed Radishchev's calls for reform as evidence of Jacobin-style radicalism, and ordered copies of the text confiscated and destroyed. Out of the 650 copies originally printed, only 17 had survived by the time the work was reprinted in England fifty years later.[7] In 1790 Radischev was arrested and condemned to death. He humbly begged forgiveness of Catherine, publicly disowning his book, and his sentence was commuted to exile to the small town of Ilimsk in Siberia
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa...
Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journ...
Journey From Petersburg to Moscow (in Russian: Путешествие из Петербурга в Москву), published in 1790, is the most famous work by the Russian writer Aleksander Nikolayevich Radishchev.
Title page from the first edition, 1790
The work, often described as a Russian Uncle Tom's Cabin, is a polemical study of the problems in the Russia of Catherine the Great: serfdom, the powers of the nobility, the issues in government and governance, social structure and personal freedom and liberty. The book starts from an epigraph about The Beast who is "enormous, disgusting, a-hundred-maws and barking", meaning the Russian Empire.
Journey represented a challenge to Catherine in Russia, despite the fact that Radishchev was no revolutionary: merely an observer of the ills he saw within Russian society and government at the time. The book was immediately banned and Radishchev sentenced, first to death, then to banishment in eastern Siberia. It was not freely published in Russia until 1905.
Written during the period of the French Revolution, the book borrows ideas and principles from the great philosophers of the day relating to an enlightened outlook and the concept of Natural Law.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesto...
Nestor Kukolnik was born on September 8, 1809 in the city of Saint Petersburg in the family of a professor lecturing at the Saint Petersburg Teacher's College.
The word "kukolnik (кукольник)" is Russian for "puppeteer" or "puppet-maker".
In Dostoyevsky's novel Demons, the character of Varvara Petrovna Stavrogin uses Kukolnik (as portrayed in Briullov's portrait above) as the model for her idealized presentation of Stepan Verkhovensky.
Today, he is best remembered for having contributed to the libretto of the first Russian opera, A Life for the Tsar by Mikhail Glinka. Glinka also set many of his lyrics to music.
Demons
V. G. Belinsky 1847. Letter to N. V. Gogol
https://www.marxists.org/subject/art/...
"Therefore you failed to realize that Russia sees her salvation not in mysticism or asceticism or pietism, but in the successes of civilization, enlightenment, and humanity. What she needs is not sermons (she has heard enough of them!) or prayers (she has repeated them too often!), but the awakening in the people of a sense of their human dignity lost for so many centuries amid dirt and refuse; she needs rights and laws conforming not to the preaching of the church but to common sense and justice, and their strictest possible observance. Instead of which she presents the dire spectacle of a country where men traffic in men, without even having the excuse so insidiously exploited by the American plantation owners who claim that the Negro is not a man; a country where people call themselves not by names but by nicknames such as Vanka, Vaska, Steshka, Palashka; a country where there are not only no guarantees for individuality, honor and property, but even no police order, and where there is nothing but vast corporations of official thieves and robbers of various descriptions. The most vital national problems in Russia today are the abolition of serfdom and corporal punishment and the strictest possible observance of at least those laws that already exist. This is even realized by the government itself (which is well aware of how the landowners treat their peasants and how many of the former are annually done away with by the latter), as is proved by its timid and abortive half-measures for the relief of the white Negroes and the comical substitution of the single-lash knout by a cat-o-three tails."
This is a world movememt.
Arthur, The Dragon King: The Barbaric Roots Of Britain's Greatest Legendhttps://archive.org/details/arthurdra...
Arthur, The Dragon King: The Barbaric Roots Of Britain's Greatest Legendhttps://archive.org/details/arthurdra...
Foucault's Pendulum
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Mynr7ui...
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=u49Rqrb...
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=chC6Kc8...
Pagan and Christian Creeds: Their Origin and Meaning
He quotes one Dr Frazer from "The Golden Bough"
The laws of Nature are merely hypotheses devised to explain that ever-shifting phantasmagoria of thought which we dignify with the high-sounding names of the World and the Universe. In the last analysis magic, religion and science are nothing but theories (of thought); and as Science has supplanted its predecessors so it may hereafter itself be superseded by some more perfect hypothesis, perhaps by some perfectly different way of looking at phenomena--of registering the shadows on the screen--of which we in this generation can form no idea."
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Nd21RQd...
Part 2
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=uy_9ZiH...
Recommended from the above
TechGnosis: Myth, Magic Mysticism in the Age of Information
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8tvS...
Early Christian Heresies
2025 Reading Challenge
Books mentioned in this topic
The House of Dreams: A Short Story (other topics)Early Christian Heresies (other topics)
TechGnosis: Myth, Magic & Mysticism in the Age of Information (other topics)
Pagan and Christian Creeds: Their Origin and Meaning (other topics)
Foucault’s Pendulum (other topics)
More...
Authors mentioned in this topic
Christoph Martin Wieland (other topics)E.T.A. Hoffmann (other topics)
John C. Lilly (other topics)
Olaf Stapledon (other topics)
The Rogue Hypnotist (other topics)
More...
Page 4
(continued)
The English East India Company's recovery from these wars was also hindered by events in Europe. A decade of war following England's Glorious Revolution of 1688 to 1689, which brought Mary II (1662–1694) and William III (1650–1702) to the throne, made it extremely difficult to get shipping out of the Thames, leaving the English East India Company in Asia short of money and ships. The wartime financial needs of the English state and the efforts of the House of Commons to assert its prominence also prompted the Parliament to accept the offer of a group of well-funded interlopers and disaffected former company servants for an East India charter in exchange for a loan of two million pounds. The so-called "£2 million Act" (1698) created a "new" East India Company that immediately sent ships to India, along with William Norris (ca. 1657–1702), the first ambassador from an English king since Sir Thomas Roe.
In 1695 the Scottish Parliament also chartered its own "Company of Scotland trading to Africa and the Indies," which was perhaps most infamous for its shortlived attempt to establish a colony on the isthmus of Panama. This, along with a spate of assaults on Mughal shipping in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf from English and American pirates like Henry Avery (d. 1728) and William Kidd (ca 1645–1701), greatly jeopardized the "old" company's position in Asia and Europe.
Under pressure from both English companies, the terms of the legislative union of England and Scotland of 1707 included the abolition of the Scottish company. Meanwhile, Queen Anne (1665–1714) and her lord treasurer Sidney Godolphin (1645–1712) arbitrated an agreement for a merger of the two English companies, completed in 1709. This new "United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies" inherited the old company's established commercial and political system and the new company's fiscal might. Through the early eighteenth century, it built up its western Indian naval force, the Bombay Marine, and grew in prominence in eastern India as well.
In 1717 the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar (d. 1719) recognized the English East India Company's growing prominence with a farman that granted the company customs-free trading and other privileges throughout Bengal. In Britain, the company also recovered its commercial success as Indian goods began to dominate the English market. Tea, in particular, though mostly trivial for much of the seventeenth century, became the company's most important and profitable commodity, bringing in over £12 million annually by 1770.
Anglo-French conflict, particularly the War of the Austrian Succession (1738–1742) and the Seven Years' War (1757–1765), also contributed to the buildup of British military forces in South Asia in the mid-eighteenth century. Hoping to arrest the expansion of English East India Company power, in 1756 Siraj-uddaulah (d. 1757), nawab (provincial ruler) of Bengal, invaded and occupied Calcutta. In response, the company dispatched an expeditionary force, led by Captain Robert Clive (1725–1774), from Madras, which defeated the nawab at the Battle of Plassey in June 1757. Another company victory at Buxar in 1764 sealed its preeminence in the province, prompting the Mughal emperor to make the company diwan, or revenue collector and de facto administrator, in the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
The diwani effectively gave the English East India Company sovereign power in Bengal, causing a political crisis back in Britain. In 1767 Parliament formed an ad hoc committee to hold inquiries into company actions. The House of Commons also began to pass a series of acts designed to limit company power and increase oversight of its affairs. The Regulating Act of 1773 instituted the position of governor-general to centralize company governance in India, as well as a supreme court in Calcutta to check his power.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulat...
By 1773, the East India Company was in dire financial straits. The company was important to the British Empire because it was a monopoly trading company in India and in the east and many influential people were shareholders. Shareholders in the Company opposed the Act. The East India Company was still a powerful lobbying group in Parliament in spite of its financial problems.
Did the Rothschilds invest in the British East India company?
Yes they did fund the East India Company and all its army operations. That’s also one pf the reason that the Brits looted the Indian wealth and exports so that the British economy can be benefited from that and eventually the Bank of England which was owned by Nathan Rothschild because they had to recover the massive loans they had given to the company. Even the Indian Central Bank was created on the recommendation of a Rothschild.
https://www.rothschildarchive.org/col...
A decade later, the India Act (1784) created a parliamentary-appointed Board of Control to supervise the company and its directors. The introduction by Edmund Burke (1729–1797), a prominent member of the British Parliament, of articles of impeachment in 1786 of the first governor-general, Warren Hastings (1732–1818), was also part of this rapid attempt by the British state to assume power over the company and thus its expanding empire in India. In its charter renewal of 1813, the company lost most of its monopoly rights, and in 1833 was shorn of its commercial functions altogether.
Despite this assault in Britain, the English East India Company continued to grow in India through the mid-nineteenth century. As its law reached further into the Bengali countryside, including the institution of a permanent settlement of revenue with zamindars, or landholders, in 1793 under Governor-General Charles Cornwallis (1738–1805), the company also solidified its power in southern and western India with the defeat of Tipu Sultan (1750–1799) of Mysore in 1799 and of the Maratha Confederacy in 1818. The company's bureaucracy and army, which consisted mostly of South Asian soldiers known as sepoys, grew proportionally. The company also expanded through the establishment of "subsidiary alliances," which though recognizing the sovereignty of South Asian princely states rendered them de facto company dependencies.
Such expansion eventually reached its limit. The mutiny of sepoys from the Third Native Cavalry at Mirath in 1857, followed by rebellion amongst soldiers, peasants, and landlords throughout northern India that lasted the better part of a year, shook the foundations of the so-called Company Raj. Parliament, the press, and the British public held the English East India Company responsible, and in 1858, after the rebellion had been suppressed, the British Crown assumed direct formal control of British India from the company, which was ultimately dissolved in 1873.
see also English East India Company, in China; Sepoy.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Andrews, Kenneth R. Trade, Plunder, and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Bowen, H. V. Revenue and Reform: The Indian Problem in British Politics, 1757–1773. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Bowen, H. V., Margarette Lincoln, and Nigel Rigby, eds. The Worlds of the East India Company. Rochester, NY: Brewer, 2002.
Brenner, Robert. Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict, and London's Overseas Traders, 1550–1653. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.
Carruthers, Bruce G. City of Capital: Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996.
Chaudhuri, K. N. The English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-Stock Company, 1600–1640. London: Cass, 1965.
Chaudhuri, K. N. The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company, 1660–1760. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Farrington, Anthony. Trading Places: The East India Company and Asia, 1600–1834. London: British Library, 2002.
Furber, Holden. Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600–1800. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1976.
Khan, Shafaat Ahmad. The East India Trade in the XVIIth Century in its Political and Economic Aspects. London: Oxford University Press, 1923.
Lawson, Philip. The East India Company: A History. London: Longman, 1993.
Marshall, P. J. "The English in Asia to 1700." In The Oxford History of the British Empire, edited by William Roger Louis; Vol. 1: The Origins of Empire, edited by Nicholas Canny. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Scott, William Robert. The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish, and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720. 3 vols. London: Cambridge University Press, 1910–1912. Reprint, Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1968.
Sen, Sudipta. Empire of Free Trade: The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.
Steensgaard, Niels. The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century: The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.
Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450