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S.C. Farrow's Blog: S.C. Farrow Blog
November 13, 2024
The Power of Dirty Realism in Fiction
WHAT IS DIRTY REALISM?
The term “dirty realism” was coined in 1983 (or 1984, depending on who you read) by Bill Buford of Granta magazine to describe a new wave of fiction emerging from the United States. This type of fiction is known for its unflinching portrayal of the mundane and often bleak aspects of everyday life. It rejects the traditional conventions of storytelling and instead focuses on the gritty details of everyday modern life. Dirty realism often includes characters who are struggling with poverty, addiction, and other issues that are rarely discussed in polite society.
Unflinching in its depictions of the ugliness of life, dirty realism gained something of a cult following and is often seen as a reaction to the idealised fiction of the 1950s and 1960s. Writers of this genre typically focus on the small details of everyday life and the mundane struggles of their characters. By doing so, they are able to create a vivid and realistic portrayal of the world that is often far removed from the idealised images of the past.
Dirty realism is characterised by its rejection of the traditional conventions of storytelling. Instead of relying on melodrama and escapism, the focus of dirty realism is on the everyday struggles of its characters. Writers often focus on the small details of life, such as the tedium and repetition of working a dead-end job or the harshness of living in poverty. This type of fiction is also known for its frank depictions of addiction, mental illness, and other sensitive topics. By rejecting the conventions of traditional storytelling, dirty realism is able to create a vivid and realistic portrayal of the world.
THE ROOTS OF DIRTY REALISM
Dirty realism has its roots in the “New Journalism” movement of the 1960s and 1970s, which sought to create a new type of non-fiction writing that focused on the mundane details of everyday life. Writers such as Tom Wolfe, Hunter S. Thompson, and Joan Didion were some of the earliest practitioners of this style of writing.
In the 1980s, this style of writing began to be applied to fiction, resulting in the emergence of dirty realism. Writers such as Raymond Carver, Richard Ford, and Denis Johnson were some of the earliest practitioners of this genre.
The emergence of dirty realism was part of a larger movement in literature known as “minimalism”. This movement sought to create a new type of fiction that focused on the mundane details of life and rejected the traditional conventions of storytelling. Writers such as Raymond Carver, Richard Ford, and Denis Johnson were some of the earliest practitioners of this style of writing, and their works have since become classics of the genre. Dirty realism has since become a popular genre of fiction, with many modern writers seeking to emulate its style.
RAYMOND CARVER
Raymond Carver’s What We Talk About When We Talk About Love is a quintessential example of dirty realism in fiction. The story follows two couples as they discuss love and relationships over a bottle of gin. The story is written in a plain, straightforward style that focuses on the mundane details of everyday life. Carver avoids the traditional conventions of storytelling and instead focuses on the small moments of the characters’ lives. He avoids sentimentality and instead creates a vivid and realistic portrait of the characters and their conversations.
Carver’s story is an excellent example of the themes of dirty realism. The characters are all flawed individuals who are struggling with their own personal issues. They are not idealised versions of people, but rather complex and realistic characters. Carver also focuses on the small details of everyday life, such as the clinking of ice cubes in a glass or the sound of a lawn mower outside. By focusing on these small details, he creates a vivid and realistic portrait of the characters and their conversations.
The story also avoids sentimentality and instead presents a bleak and honest look at the characters’ lives. Carver does not sugarcoat their struggles, but instead presents a realistic and often uncomfortable look at their relationships. The story is also notable for its lack of sentimentality or a resolution. It ends with the characters still talking about love, but with no real answers or conclusions. This lack of resolution reflects the uncertainty and confusion of the characters’ lives.
AUSTRALIAN DIRTY REALIST AUTHORS
Australia has a compelling array of writers who have explored the gritty realism that defines dirty realist fiction. One of the most notable is Andrew McGahan, whose novel Praise stands as a cornerstone of Australian dirty realism. This work delves into the unembellished life of its protagonist, capturing the harsh realities of poverty, addiction, and disillusionment in Brisbane. McGahan's raw, often bleak style won him the Vogel Literary Award and established his reputation as a leading voice in this genre.
Christos Tsiolkas is another prominent figure associated with Australian dirty realism. His novel Loaded explores Melbourne's underbelly through the story of Ari, a young gay man navigating identity, sexuality, and discontent in the city. Tsiolkas’ work brings an unfiltered lens to urban Australian life, touching on themes of family tension and cultural identity, while later works like The Slap retain a gritty social realism that questions contemporary morality and human failings.
The genre also finds expression in the work of Peter Goldsworthy, particularly in Maestro, which combines coming-of-age elements with a raw depiction of relationships and existential disillusionment. His narrative style focuses on the nuanced struggles of his characters, often highlighting moments of discomfort and complexity in ways that resonate with dirty realist principles.
Additionally, Helen Garner has incorporated elements of dirty realism in her acclaimed novel Monkey Grip, which portrays a raw and candid view of inner-city bohemian life in Melbourne. Her characters confront addiction, love, and the chaos of relationships, all rendered in a vivid, unvarnished style that aligns closely with the genre’s ethos.
Dorothy Porter adds another dimension to Australian dirty realism, particularly in her verse novel The Monkey’s Mask. Though primarily known as a poet, Porter’s narrative features a gritty, unflinching exploration of desire, mystery, and the darker sides of human nature, fusing poetic imagery with the visceral tones of dirty realism.
These Australian authors have each contributed to the genre’s ethos by depicting characters and scenarios grounded in the raw details of urban life, social struggles, and the unpolished aspects of everyday existence. Their works serve as essential reads for anyone interested in the Australian adaptation of dirty realism, revealing universal yet distinctly local insights into human resilience and vulnerability.
SO, WHAT HAPPENED TO DIRTY REALISM?
In the early 2000s, the popularity of dirty realism began to wane. As a result, some authors began experimenting with different narrative techniques, such as magical realism and postmodernism, while others began to focus more on the psychological aspects of their characters and stories. In the contemporary literary landscape, dirty realism is no longer the dominant style, but it still remains an important influence on many writers.
I love reading dirty fiction and absolutely loved Andrew McGahan’s Praise. For whatever reason, be it spiritual, mystical, or psychological, I am drawn to writing it. There’s something about its rawness, honestly, and authenticity that appeals to me. If only I could find a publisher who appreciates it as much as I do…
June 26, 2023
What to Do When You Realise You’re Struggling with Creative Writing
Welcome to the club!
Discovering that you struggle with creative writing can be disheartening, but it's important to remember that every writer faces obstacles along their journey. Realising your shortcomings is the first step towards growth and improvement. Instead of viewing your struggles as a reflection of your abilities, see them as an opportunity for self-discovery and development. Acceptance is key—acknowledge where you currently stand in your writing journey without judgment. Remember that even the most renowned authors started somewhere, and their initial difficulties didn't define their ultimate success. By embracing your current challenges, you open yourself up to the possibility of unlocking your creative potential.
The importance of growth and the potential for improvementIt's crucial to recognise that growth as a writer is not only possible but also essential. Creative writing is a craft that can be developed and refined with practice, perseverance, and a willingness to learn. While becoming aware of your current struggles may be discouraging, it's important to remember that writing is a skill that can be honed over time. By embracing the growth mindset, you open yourself up to endless possibilities for improvement and transformation. With dedication and a commitment to continuous learning, you have the power to evolve as a writer and surpass your own expectations.
Actionable steps for overcoming writing difficultiesThe purpose of this blog post is to provide you with practical and actionable steps to navigate through your writing difficulties. Rather than dwelling on self-doubt or feeling overwhelmed, this guide aims to empower you with strategies and tools to overcome your challenges. It's important to remember that everyone's writing journey is unique, and there is no one-size-fits-all solution. However, by implementing the suggested approaches and embracing a growth mindset, you can embark on a path of improvement and discover the joy and fulfillment that comes with creative writing. Let's dive in and explore the transformative journey that awaits you as you navigate and overcome your writing obstacles.
All writers face challenges at some pointIt's essential to acknowledge that encountering challenges in creative writing is a universal experience shared by writers of all levels. From aspiring authors to seasoned professionals, everyone encounters moments of self-doubt, creative blocks, or struggles with certain aspects of their craft. These challenges are not indicative of inherent talent or a lack thereof but are instead an inherent part of the creative process. Understanding that writing difficulties are common and temporary can help alleviate the pressure and self-judgment you may be experiencing. By recognising that you're not alone in facing these obstacles you can approach your writing journey with the spirit of resilience, knowing that overcoming them is entirely within your reach.
Accepting where you are in your writing journeySelf-awareness is a powerful tool when it comes to recognising your struggles in creative writing. By acknowledging your current limitations, you take an important step towards growth and improvement. It's crucial to accept where you are in your writing journey without judgment or self-criticism. Understanding your strengths and weaknesses allows you to focus your efforts on areas that require attention, while also appreciating the aspects of your writing that shine. Remember that every writer, regardless of their skill level, has areas they can improve upon. Embrace the process of self-discovery and learning, and use your self-awareness as a compass to guide you towards a path of growth as a writer.
Here are a few examples of famous authors who overcame setbacks in their writing careers:J.K. Rowling: Before achieving immense success with the Harry Potter series, J.K. Rowling faced numerous rejections from publishers. Her manuscript was rejected multiple times before finally being accepted, but she didn't give up. Rowling's perseverance and belief in her story eventually led to one of the most successful book franchises in history.
Stephen King: Even the master of horror, Stephen King, faced setbacks early in his career. His first novel, Carrie, was rejected by multiple publishers, and King even threw the manuscript in the trash in frustration. However, his wife retrieved it, convinced him to continue, and it eventually got published, launching King's prolific writing career.
F. Scott Fitzgerald: Despite being known today as one of the greatest American writers, F. Scott Fitzgerald initially struggled to find success. His novel, The Great Gatsby, received mixed reviews upon its release and didn't achieve widespread popularity until after Fitzgerald's death. Today, it is considered a literary masterpiece and a symbol of the Jazz Age.
These examples demonstrate that setbacks and rejections are common even among celebrated authors. Their stories highlight the importance of perseverance, belief in one's work, and the willingness to persist despite obstacles in order to achieve success.
Shift your mindsetTo overcome the realisation that you may be struggling with creative writing, it's essential to shift from a fixed mindset to a growth mindset. A fixed mindset assumes that talent and abilities are fixed traits, leading to the belief that if you're not naturally skilled at writing, you will never improve. On the other hand, a growth mindset recognises that abilities can be developed through effort, practice, and learning. Embrace the belief that your writing skills are not predetermined, but rather can evolve and improve over time. By adopting a growth mindset, you open yourself up to new possibilities, challenges, and opportunities for growth as a writer. Embrace the idea that with dedication, perseverance, and a willingness to learn, you can overcome your current struggles and reach new heights in your creative writing journey.
Creativity can be cultivated through practice and dedicationCreativity is not solely reserved for those who are naturally inclined towards it. It is a skill that can be cultivated through practice and dedication. Writing creatively is an iterative process that requires exploration, experimentation, and the honing of one's craft. Embrace the notion that creativity is not an elusive trait, but rather a muscle that can be strengthened through consistent effort. Treat your writing practice as an opportunity to push the boundaries of your creativity. Engage in activities that foster imagination and inspire new ideas. With time and deliberate practice, you will witness your creative abilities flourish and your writing improve. Remember, creativity is not a fixed attribute but a skill that can be developed and expanded upon.
Perseverance and the willingness to learn from mistakesPerseverance is a vital quality to cultivate when facing challenges in creative writing. Writing is a journey filled with ups and downs, rejections, and setbacks. It's crucial to develop resilience and maintain a steadfast commitment to your craft. Embrace failures and mistakes as learning opportunities rather than reasons to give up. Reflect on your writing process and analyse areas that need improvement. Seek feedback and learn from it constructively. Understand that growth comes from pushing through difficulties and embracing the lessons they bring. Remember, every successful writer has faced obstacles, but it is their perseverance and determination to learn and grow that have led them to triumph. By embracing a mindset of continual learning and using setbacks as stepping-stones, you will emerge as a stronger and more accomplished writer.
Read extensively in your preferred genre(s)One of the most effective ways to improve your creative writing skills is by immersing yourself in the works of other authors in your preferred genre(s). Reading extensively exposes you to different writing styles, narrative techniques, and storytelling approaches. Analyse the works of renowned authors in your genre and pay attention to how they craft their stories, develop characters, and create engaging dialogue. Take note of the elements that captivate you as a reader and consider incorporating similar techniques into your own writing. By expanding your reading repertoire and studying the works of accomplished writers, you gain valuable insights and inspiration that can fuel your own creative process.
Study the writing techniques of successful authorsIn addition to reading extensively, it's crucial to analyse and study the writing techniques employed by successful authors. Pick up books, articles, or interviews that provide insights into the craft of writing. Delve into discussions on character development, plot structure, pacing, and other aspects of storytelling. Seek out writing guides and resources that offer practical advice and exercises to help you develop specific writing skills. By actively studying the techniques and strategies of accomplished authors, you can gain a deeper understanding of the mechanics behind effective storytelling and apply those insights to your own writing. Remember, learning from the masters is a valuable tool for enhancing your own writing abilities.
Explore various writing stylesTo overcome writing difficulties and enhance your creativity, it's essential to explore various writing styles and experiment with different approaches. Challenge yourself to step out of your comfort zone and try writing in genres or formats you haven't explored before. Play with different narrative perspectives, experiment with non-linear storytelling, or even try your hand at different mediums like poetry or flash fiction. By pushing the boundaries of your writing and embracing experimentation, you can uncover hidden strengths and discover new ways to express your ideas. Embracing versatility and embracing a spirit of curiosity will not only help you overcome creative blocks but also lead to a more dynamic and engaging writing style. So, dare to step into uncharted territory and let your creativity thrive.
Set aside dedicated time for regular writing practiceOne of the key steps to improving your creative writing skills is to establish a regular writing practice. Set aside dedicated time in your schedule specifically for writing. Treat it as a non-negotiable appointment with your creativity. Consistency is key, even if it means starting with shorter writing sessions initially. By committing to regular practice, you build momentum, strengthen your writing muscles, and develop a sense of discipline. Whether it's early mornings, late nights, or any other time that works best for you, prioritise writing and make it a consistent part of your routine. Remember, the more you practice, the more comfortable and proficient you will become in expressing your thoughts and ideas through writing.
Experiment with different writing exercises and promptsTo enhance your creative writing skills, engage in various writing exercises and prompts. These activities can spark new ideas, help you explore different writing styles, and stretch your creative boundaries. Experiment with freewriting sessions, where you write continuously without judgment or self-editing. Try writing exercises that focus on specific aspects of storytelling, such as crafting vivid descriptions or developing realistic dialogue. Additionally, utilise writing prompts to jumpstart your imagination and challenge yourself to create within given parameters. By embracing different exercises and prompts, you'll broaden your writing toolkit, develop versatility, and uncover hidden strengths you didn’t know you had!
Join a writers’ groupSeeking feedback and support from others is a valuable step in improving your creative writing skills. Consider joining a creative writing workshop or critique group where you can share your work with fellow writers and receive constructive feedback. These environments provide a supportive community that understands the challenges of writing and can offer valuable insights and suggestions for improvement. Constructive criticism helps you identify blind spots, refine your storytelling techniques, and gain a fresh perspective on your work. Engaging in discussions and exchanging ideas with like-minded individuals can also foster inspiration, motivation, and a sense of camaraderie. Remember, the writing journey doesn't have to be a solitary one. Embrace the power of collaboration and community to grow as a writer.
Embrace the revision processOne crucial aspect of improving your creative writing is embracing the revision process. First drafts are rarely perfect, and it's during the revision phase that your writing truly begins to shine. Embrace the mindset that revision is not a chore but an opportunity for growth. Step back from your work, gain some distance, and approach it with a fresh perspective. Read through your writing critically, looking for areas that can be strengthened, inconsistencies in plot or character development, or opportunities to enhance the clarity and flow of your prose. Don't be afraid to make significant changes or even rewrite sections entirely. Embrace the iterative nature of the writing process and remember that each revision brings you closer to your vision. With each round of revision, you refine and polish your work, transforming it into something remarkable.
Seek feedback from writing professionalsObtaining feedback from trusted individuals or writing professionals is invaluable for improving your creative writing. Share your work with individuals who will provide honest and constructive feedback. Seek out beta readers, writing groups, or mentors who can offer insightful perspectives and suggestions for improvement. Choose individuals who have experience in writing or possess a deep understanding of your genre. Be open to receiving feedback as it is a vital part of the learning process. Remember, feedback is not meant to tear down your work but to help you grow as a writer. Consider the suggestions offered, evaluate their impact on your writing, and make informed decisions about which changes to incorporate. Engaging in this feedback loop will accelerate your progress and elevate the quality of your writing.
Cultivate a supportive writing environment and nurture self-beliefCreating a supportive writing environment and nurturing self-belief are essential for overcoming writing difficulties. Surround yourself with individuals who believe in your talent and encourage your writing aspirations. Seek out like-minded writers or join writing communities where you can share experiences, exchange ideas, and celebrate successes together. Additionally, cultivate self-belief by embracing positive affirmations and acknowledging your growth as a writer. Celebrate small achievements and milestones along your writing journey and remind yourself of the progress you have made. Cultivating a supportive environment and fostering self-belief will not only boost your motivation but also provide the resilience needed to persevere through challenges. Remember, you have a unique voice and stories to share—embrace your creativity, trust in your abilities, and let your words shine.
Celebrate small victories and milestonesAs you work on improving your creative writing, it's important to celebrate small victories and milestones along the way. Recognise and acknowledge your progress, whether it's completing a challenging scene, receiving positive feedback on your work, or even meeting your writing goals for the day. Celebrating these achievements reinforces a positive mindset and boosts your motivation. It also serves as a reminder that you are on the right path, making steady progress, and growing as a writer. Take the time to appreciate and celebrate each step forward, as it builds the foundation for greater accomplishments in your writing journey.
Practice self-compassion and embrace imperfectionIn the pursuit of improving your creative writing skills, it's crucial to practice self-compassion and embrace imperfection. Writing is a journey of continuous learning, and not every piece you create will be flawless. Accept that making mistakes and experiencing setbacks is a natural part of the process. Treat yourself with kindness and understanding when facing challenges or feeling discouraged. Embrace the notion that each writing session, regardless of the outcome, is an opportunity to grow and learn. Remember that even the most accomplished writers have moments of self-doubt. By practicing self-compassion and embracing imperfection, you free yourself from the burden of unrealistic expectations and create space for growth and creativity to flourish.
Find inspiration beyond writingTo overcome creative hurdles and enhance your writing, it's essential to seek inspiration beyond the realm of writing itself. Engage in activities that stimulate your imagination and feed your creativity. Explore different art forms, such as visual arts, music, or theatre. Take walks in nature, visit museums, or immerse yourself in different cultures and experiences. These experiences can provide fresh perspectives, ignite new ideas, and infuse your writing with depth and richness. Allow yourself to be open to the beauty and wonders of the world, as they can spark your creativity and invigorate your writing.
Brainstorming and mind mappingBrainstorming and mind mapping are powerful techniques to overcome creative blocks and generate new ideas. Set aside dedicated time for brainstorming sessions where you can freely explore different concepts, plotlines, or character ideas. Write down any and every idea that comes to mind without judgment. Similarly, mind mapping allows you to visually map out connections, relationships, and associations between various elements of your story. These techniques help stimulate your creativity, uncover hidden connections, and provide a structure for organising your thoughts. Embrace the power of brainstorming and mind mapping as tools to unleash your imagination and overcome any hurdles in your creative writing process.
Experiment with different writing environmentsThe environment in which you write can have a significant impact on your creativity and productivity. Experiment with different writing environments to find what works best for you. Some writers thrive in bustling coffee shops, while others prefer the solitude of a quiet study. Try writing outdoors, in nature, or in cozy corners of your home. Pay attention to the ambiance, lighting, and sounds that help you focus and get into a creative flow. By exploring different writing environments, you can discover spaces that inspire and energise your writing, allowing you to overcome any perceived limitations and tap into your creative potential.
Establish a writing routine and stick to itEstablishing a consistent writing routine is vital for maintaining discipline and making progress in your creative writing endeavours. Determine the most productive times of day for you and schedule dedicated writing sessions during those periods. Whether it's early mornings, late nights, or specific blocks of time during the day, commit to your writing routine and treat it as a priority. Set clear goals for each session and hold yourself accountable to meet them. By establishing a routine and sticking to it, you create a sense of structure and regularity in your writing practice, allowing you to make steady progress and overcome any obstacles that come your way.
Embrace the power of solitude and reflectionSolitude and reflection are essential components of the creative writing process. Create moments of quiet and stillness to allow your thoughts and ideas to percolate. Find a quiet space where you can disconnect from distractions and immerse yourself in your writing. Engage in activities that promote introspection, such as journaling or meditation, to explore your thoughts and gain clarity. Solitude provides an opportunity to dive deep into your imagination, listen to your inner voice, and unlock new creative insights. Embrace the power of solitude and reflection as a way to nourish your creativity and overcome any obstacles in your writing.
Practice mindfulness to enhance your writing presenceMindfulness is a practice that can greatly enhance your creative writing skills. When you sit down to write, cultivate a state of mindfulness by focusing your attention fully on the present moment. Pay attention to the sensations in your body, the rhythm of your breath, and the act of writing itself. Let go of distractions and bring your complete awareness to the task at hand. By practicing mindfulness, you enhance your writing presence, allowing you to tap into your creativity more deeply and produce work that is authentic and engaging. Embrace mindfulness as a way to anchor yourself in the present moment and overcome any doubts or self-criticisms that may hinder your writing process.
Take breaks and engage in self-careWriting can be mentally and emotionally demanding, and it's essential to prioritise self-care to maintain your well-being and creativity. Take regular breaks during your writing sessions to rest and recharge. Engage in activities that bring you joy and relaxation, such as exercise, spending time with loved ones, or pursuing hobbies outside of writing. Prioritise self-care practices, such as getting enough sleep, eating nutritious meals, and managing stress. Remember that self-care is not a luxury but a necessity for maintaining your overall well-being and sustaining your creative energy. By taking care of yourself, you create a solid foundation for your writing to thrive.
Embrace the journey, not just the destinationIn your pursuit of improving your creative writing skills, it's important to embrace the journey itself, rather than solely focusing on the end goal. Writing is a lifelong endeavour, and each step you take, each word you write, is part of a larger process. Embrace the joy of creation, the exploration of new ideas, and the act of expressing yourself through writing. Celebrate the small victories and milestones along the way. Find fulfillment in the process of learning and growing as a writer, rather than solely fixating on achieving a specific outcome. By embracing the journey and enjoying the process, you foster a sustainable and fulfilling writing practice.
Stay true to your authentic voiceAs you work on improving your creative writing skills, it's crucial to stay true to your authentic voice. Your unique perspective, experiences, and writing style are what set you apart as a writer. Avoid comparing yourself to others or trying to imitate someone else's style. Instead, embrace and celebrate your individuality. Trust your instincts and write from a place of honesty and authenticity. Share your unique stories and ideas with the world, as they have value and merit. By staying true to your authentic voice, you create work that resonates with readers and stands out in a crowded literary landscape.
Enjoy the process and have funAbove all, remember to enjoy the process and have fun with your creative writing. Writing is a creative outlet that allows you to express yourself, explore new worlds, and connect with others through storytelling. Embrace the joy of creation, play with language, and allow yourself to take risks and experiment with different styles and genres. Approach your writing with curiosity and a sense of adventure. When you enjoy the process and have fun with your writing, it becomes a fulfilling and enriching experience. Embrace the freedom to create and let your passion for storytelling shine through in every word you write.
Now, go forth! Put pen to paper and write! And be sure to let me know your thoughts on the journey to becoming a creative writer!
April 29, 2023
Review of the Uber Surreal Movie, Beau is Afraid
A few days ago, I was reading the news online when I came across a review for the movie Beau is Afraid. The reviewer said it was incomprehensible. Well, that once sentence was like waving a red flag in my face. And I love a challenge. So, I convinced my movie going buddy to go along with me to see it.
Before reading that review, I had never heard of this movie, so I had no pre-conceived ideas of what it was or what it was about. However, my movie-going companion informed me that I had seen another of the writer/director’s movies – Hereditary.
Now, I’m going to say right up front that I’m not a big horror fan. I saw Hereditary at the behest of my companion and I neither liked nor disliked it, but I will say I thought it suffered from quite a few plot and characterisation problems that ultimately tanked the whole thing for me. When I learned Hereditary was written and directed by the same writer/director my heart sank a little because I realised I was probably going to be in for more of the same.
Beau is Afraid is surreal in the vein of Kafka or David Lynch. However, it isn’t nearly as sophisticated as the works of either one of those artists.
Before I begin my analysis, I want to admit that I’m on the fence about this film. I kind of liked it, and kind of didn’t. I think it tried really hard to be a sophisticated Lynchian-type narrative, but fundament failures in plot development prevented it from reaching that height. Or maybe the writer/director had no intention of taking it that far, who knows?
It’s been labelled as a surrealist black comedy, but there really isn’t much to laugh at. And it went to some really low-brow places, which brought down the whole tone of the narrative.
However, let’s press on.
What's it about?Essentially, the plot of the movie is this: when titular character Beau (played by Joaquin Phoenix) is summoned home by his overbearing mother, he defies increasingly insurmountable odds to get to his childhood home, thereby avoiding his mother’s disappointment, and possibly her wrath.
Now, most reviewers have determined that despite the dreamlike qualities of this film, what we are seeing is a series of ‘real life’ obstacles events unfolding, in a way that is almost comical but not really, that prevent Beau from achieving his goal of returning home for his mother’s funeral.
I argue that the whole movie takes place in a dream. Actually, a delirium, that is most likely drug induced. Delirium is defined as a serious change in a person’s mental abilities. It results in confused thinking and a lack of awareness regarding their surroundings. Other symptoms of delirium include agitation, confusion, drowsiness, hallucinations, delusions, and memory problems.
Stick with me and I’ll tell you why I think this is the case. However, BEWARE, from here on in there will be SPOILERS.
One reviewer said, “Beau Is Afraid is a cruelly absurd saga of sexual repression in which a slump-shouldered Joaquin Phoenix, as the emotionally stunted titular character, bears the brunt of Aster's spectacular catastrophising.”
Spectacular catastrophising? Spoken like a person who has truly missed the point of the movie and who truly lacks the ability to think critically.
On the surface, the plot Beau is Afraid is relatively simple. It’s opens with Beau’s being born, shifts to a fraught odyssey/journey as he attempts to get home to his mother, and finally ends with his death, which we’ll take a closer look at later.
But first we need to look at the serious Oedipal complex that plays out between mother and son because this is the concept behind the entire plot.
Rank and the Oedipal complexBeau is an archetypal ‘wounded child’ character. He holds the memories of his abuse, neglect, and other traumas endured in childhood, close to his chest.
He is also a guilt-ridden man. He is guilty because he did not leave for home when his mother called and therefore failed to see her before she died. This guilt over letting her down once again propels him to get home in time for her funeral, even if it kills him.
As one reviewer pointed out, Beau is ensnared in an Oedipal complex. However, it is not really Freud’s version of this complex but is rather closer to Otto Rank’s definition of this neurosis.
Freud’s Oedipus complex refers to a male child’s attraction to their parent of the opposite sex (mother) and jealousy of their parent of the same sex (father). The desire for sexual involvement with the opposite sex parent is kept out of conscious awareness through repression. His castration complex refers to a child’s fear or delusion of genital injury at the hands of the parent of the same sex as punishment for unconscious guilt over Oedipal strivings.
Otto Rank, one of Freud’s favourite disciples, until he dared to challenge the central tenet of Freud’s theory, argued that the castration complex did not originate with the father, but rather began with the act of expulsion from the womb. Long story short, neurosis is catalysed by birth itself.
It’s a theory the writer/director appears to take full advantage of.
The movie opens with Beau in his mother’s womb right before he’s about to be born. It’s all bright lights and his mother’s angry voice as she shouts at the doctor. The moment Beau he enters the world, she starts shouting at him. The scene clearly establishes the troubled nature of Beau’s relationship with his mother. Right off the bat, it’s clear that he’s a burden to her.
However, to me, it not only represents his complex Oedipal relationship with his mother, but something else as well. It is the beginning of his psychic, guilt-ridden odyssey, which takes place (almost) entirely in a hospital, possibly a psychiatric hospital.
But what on earth makes me think he’s in a hospital, psychiatric or otherwise?
Well, my theory is that when he is born, his mother is already dead. I believe that Beau killed her before this opening scene and that he has been placed in a psychiatric hospital in the wake of her murder. In fact, I think he probably also tried to kill himself as well (in a murder/suicide event) and that what we’re witnessing is Beau’s life flashing before his eyes before he finally dies.
For those of you who have seen this movie, I can hear you gasping in disbelief. But stick with me and I’ll explain why…
The birthWithout question, the birth scene is a device used to bookend the movie, i.e., it opens with the protagonist’s birth and ends with his death. It is unquestionably clumsy and cliched, but despite this it serves to quickly establish Beau’s troubled relationship with his mother.
I believe this scene is also takes place in the moment after he has murdered his mother and that is the beginning of his delirium/life flashing before his eyes – possibly drug-induced – after being apprehended and taken to a psychiatric facility and pumped full of a drug like Ketamine which can sedate, incapacitate, and induce hallucinations.
The odysseyThis cuts to Beau in his mid-thirties, living alone in a shitty apartment in a really shitty city that one reviewer described as Boschian, i.e., it’s reminiscent of the painting titled The Garden of Earthly Delights by Dutch Artist Hieronymus Bosch. It’s a perfect description.
He gets a phone call from his mother who wants him to get on a plane and come visit her in his childhood home.
He endures a couple of disastrous attempts to leave his apartment and involves various encounters with characters, including a naked serial killed, straight out of the Bosch-like world.
To me, the characters that inhabit this place are other patients in the psychiatric facility where he is being housed. Needless to say, he is terrified of the hostile environment.
When his wallet and suitcase are stolen (taken from him by hospital staff?), he calls his mother and tells her he can’t come home to see her. Her demeanour immediately changes, and her disappointment is abundantly clear. Driven by guilt and a sense of not wanting to disappoint her, Beau assures her he’ll find a way to get home.
Then he gets a call from the family lawyer advising him that his mother is dead, that she died when she was struck in the head by a chandelier that fell from the ceiling in her house. The lawyer tells him he has to hurry up and get home because they can’t have her funeral until he gets there.
Determined to get home, Beau makes a run for it. In the street, he is stabbed by the naked serial killer and hit by car.
The doctorThis chapter of the film was pivotal in my assessment that the whole thing is taking place in Beau’s end of life delirium.
It turns out the driver of the car is the wife of a doctor who takes him home to their house. The doctor and his wife have a strange daughter whom they feed pills for breakfast. They also have a traumatised veteran whom they care for and who lives in a caravan on their property. They feed him pills, too.
The doctor fits Beau with an ankle bracelet monitor. I wasn’t aware that psychiatric facilities used ankle bracelets, but apparently electronic monitoring devices are used in some mental health facilities to monitor patients. They are used to track patients who have been deemed a danger to themselves or others and are at risk of leaving the facility without permission, which is exactly what Beau does. He flees the facility and ends up in the forest. More on that in a minute…
The doctor also informs Beau that he has an abnormally swollen testicle, which is a clear nod to the Oedipal complex and his emasculation. There is also the suggestion that he is still a virgin.
The doctor offers Beau a cocktail of drugs to ease his pain. In fact, he’s keen to give Beau a really cool new drug. Beau is grateful for the doctor’s help, but insists he has to get home to his mother’s house. The doctor assures Beau that he will drive him to his mother’s house tomorrow.
As Beau waits to be taken home, a series of whacky events ensue including a moment when the doctor’s wife hands him a remote control and tells him to watch TV. When he turns the TV on, he sees himself on the screen, like he’s being filmed. He hits the fast-forward button and sees what is going to happen to him in the next few moments.
When Beau hits the fast forward button, he watches events that have already happened. Now, of course, that’s impossible. He could only see the future if it has already happened. Therefore, he is recalling it, remembering it as though he is slipping in and out of his delirium.
Shortly after, Beau escapes from the house and flees into the surrounding forest (aren’t most creepy psychiatric facilities surrounded by a luscious forest?), which seems to indicate that he has escaped from the psychiatric facility.
Whatever the case, whether he escaped from the hospital or is still there, his delirium/odyssey continues, and he eventually meets with a ‘travelling theatre company’. It’s here where his unfulfilled hopes and dreams regarding a wife and family are revealed, albeit in a very long and very strange story-within-a-story kind of way.
After that, he finally makes it to the family home where is surprised to see his dead mother is up and walking and able to have a conversation with him. However, that conversation is an unhappy one in which none of their relational issues are resolved. The conversation eventually develops into an argument. Her vitriol triggers something in him, and he reaches out to choke her. Finally, she falls into a fish tank, dead. Again.
The deathThe movie closes with the other bookend, that of Beau’s death. It’s night-time when he rows a boat across a lake and ends up, in the boat, in the middle of a crowded stadium, which is, in fact, purgatory. And well all know that purgatory is where we go to be judged.
In Beau’s delirium, the family lawyer is his prosecutor and judge. Symbolically, the lawyer (whether he was once a real person in Beau’s life or not) is also his guilt.
In front of the crowd of faceless people, Beau’s mother (who is alive again) and the family lawyer accuse Beau of failing to live up to his mother’s expectations and is responsible for her death.
But in his delirious state, why is Beau judging himself so harshly? What is he guilty for? His mother’s murder, yes. However, I believe he also feels guilt for being a disappointment to her.
His mother was a strong, successful woman. He was never able to step out from underneath her overbearing personality in order to distance himself from her, or to stop her from emotionally torturing and emasculating him.
When he couldn’t take this torture anymore, he killed her. However, the guilt he felt over killing her, was so overwhelming that he killed himself too.
So, what is this movie actually about?This is all well and good, but what is this movie actually about? It’s a good question but one that has a disappointing answer.
One fundamental mistake is that there is nothing for Beau to overcome. He cannot fix his relationship with his mother because she is dead, whether by his hand or by the falling chandelier, which means there is no challenge for him to meet. He is simply a passive character existing in a world where things happen to him.
And there is no reprieve from that. No respite from his misery or the endless series of events that lurch him from one disaster to the next. There is no hope that he might escape his miserable existence, and despite the fact that it all takes place in dream/delirium, it is difficult to feel sympathy for him, even as an archetypal wounded child character, because he does very little to actually help himself (apart from possibly escaping from the psychiatric facility).
But the biggest fundamental problem is that there is absolutely no underlying message – whatsoever.
Maybe it was trying to say blame your parents for everything, that evil mothers deserve to die, or that no one who enters a psychiatric facility ever lives to get out, but I don’t think so.
Some have suggested that it might be a “profound statement about the purgatorial nature of existence” while others think it might be a “janky Rube Goldberg machine meant to purge the artist's fears of death and women.” These are fairly shallow observations, but then again, they might be right!
The movie has bells and whistles, but it is ultimately a superficial and hollow narrative with nothing real or though-provoking to say, which means viewers literally just watch three hours of a hopeless man being tortured on the way to his inescapable doom.
It seems to me that writer/director was attempting to make a psychological odyssey in the vein of David Lynch – but failed – simply because he did not have anything to actually say, i.e., there was nothing truthful, authentic, or profound underpinning this three-hour long narrative.
Joaquin Phoenix, God bless him, gives it his all and his archetypal wounded child character never wavers. However, his performance is not enough to get this film over the line and into Lynchian territory.
Ironically, this is exactly how I felt about Hereditary. Hereditary was also devoid of a core or underlying message. Both narratives were all about the bells and whistles at the expense of a core principle or message. A horror narrative is more likely to get away with this than any kind of psychological narrative. And this is what ultimately makes both movies so unsatisfying.
If you’ve seen the movie, feel free to disagree. Or agree. I’d love to hear your thoughts.
Post Script...It has been brought to my attention that having no underlying messing is a common critique of Kafka's Metamorphosis - and that having no underlying message is the point of the narrative. No underlying message is the very thing that makes the narrative "torturous, grotesque, and unbearable", which is a parallel to real life's chaos.
This is a really good observation - that leads me to the issue of theme.
I didn't discuss theme when I first wrote this review because honestly there is so much to say about it, it would take me all day to write it. However, I will say this: I believe the point of the film having no underlying message is directly tied into the movie's major theme which is the unattainability of desires. As far as themes go, the unattainability of desires is a tricky one because it's a challenging theme that is hard to write well.
Thanks to the person who brought this to my attention. I really appreciate it!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PuiWDn976EkReview of Beau is Afraid
A few days ago, I was reading the news online when I came across a review for the movie Beau is Afraid. The reviewer said it was incomprehensible. Well, that once sentence was like waving a red flag in my face. And I love a challenge. So, I convinced my movie going buddy to go along with me to see it.
Before reading that review, I had never heard of this movie, so I had no pre-conceived ideas of what it was or what it was about. However, my movie-going companion informed me that I had seen another of the writer/director’s movies – Hereditary.
Now, I’m going to say right up front that I’m not a big horror fan. I saw Hereditary at the behest of my companion and I neither liked nor disliked it, but I will say I thought it suffered from quite a few plot and characterisation problems that ultimately sank the whole thing for me. When I learned Hereditary was written and directed by the same writer/director my heart sank a little because I realised I was probably going to be in for more of the same.
Beau is Afraid is surreal in the vein of Kafka or David Lynch. However, it isn’t nearly as sophisticated as the works of either one of those artists.
Before I begin my analysis, I want to admit that I’m on the fence about this film. I kind of liked it, and kind of didn’t. I think it tried really hard to be a sophisticated Lynchian-type narrative, but fundament failures in plot development prevented it from reaching that height. Or maybe the writer/director had no intention of taking it that far, who knows?
It’s been labelled as a surrealist black comedy, but there really isn’t much to laugh at. And it went to some really low-brow places, which brought down the whole tone of the narrative.
However, let’s press on.
What's it about?Essentially, the plot of the movie is this: when titular character Beau (played by Joaquin Phoenix) is summoned home by his overbearing mother, he defies increasingly insurmountable odds to get to his childhood home, thereby avoiding his mother’s disappointment, and possibly her wrath.
Now, most reviewers have determined that despite the dreamlike qualities of this film, what we are seeing is a series of ‘real life’ obstacles events unfolding, in a way that is almost comical but not really, that prevent Beau from achieving his goal of returning home for his mother’s funeral.
I argue that the whole movie takes place in a dream. Actually, a delirium, that is most likely drug induced. Delirium is defined as a serious change in a person’s mental abilities. It results in confused thinking and a lack of awareness regarding their surroundings. Other symptoms of delirium include agitation, confusion, drowsiness, hallucinations, delusions, and memory problems.
Stick with me and I’ll tell you why I think this is the case. However, BEWARE, from here on in there will be SPOILERS.
One reviewer said, “Beau Is Afraid is a cruelly absurd saga of sexual repression in which a slump-shouldered Joaquin Phoenix, as the emotionally stunted titular character, bears the brunt of Aster's spectacular catastrophising.”
Spectacular catastrophising? Spoken like a person who has truly missed the point of the movie and who truly lacks the ability to think critically.
On the surface, the plot Beau is Afraid is relatively simple. It’s opens with Beau’s being born, shifts to a fraught odyssey/journey as he attempts to get home to his mother, and finally ends with his death, which we’ll take a closer look at later.
But first we need to look at the serious Oedipal complex that plays out between mother and son because this is the concept behind the entire plot.
Rank and the Oedipal complexBeau is an archetypal ‘wounded child’ character. He holds the memories of his abuse, neglect, and other traumas endured in childhood, close to his chest.
He is also a guilt-ridden man. He is guilty because he did not leave for home when his mother called and therefore failed to see her before she died. This guilt over letting her down once again propels him to get home in time for her funeral, even if it kills him.
As one reviewer pointed out, Beau is ensnared in an Oedipal complex. However, it is not really Freud’s version of this complex but is rather closer to Otto Rank’s definition of this neurosis.
Freud’s Oedipus complex refers to a male child’s attraction to their parent of the opposite sex (mother) and jealousy of their parent of the same sex (father). The desire for sexual involvement with the opposite sex parent is kept out of conscious awareness through repression. His castration complex refers to a child’s fear or delusion of genital injury at the hands of the parent of the same sex as punishment for unconscious guilt over Oedipal strivings.
Otto Rank, one of Freud’s favourite disciples, until he dared to challenge the central tenet of Freud’s theory, argued that the castration complex did not originate with the father, but rather began with the act of expulsion from the womb. Long story short, neurosis is catalysed by birth itself.
It’s a theory the writer/director appears to take full advantage of.
The movie opens with Beau in his mother’s womb right before he’s about to be born. It’s all bright lights and his mother’s angry voice as she shouts at the doctor. The moment Beau he enters the world, she starts shouting at him. The scene clearly establishes the troubled nature of Beau’s relationship with his mother. Right off the bat, it’s clear that he’s a burden to her.
However, to me, it not only represents his complex Oedipal relationship with his mother, but something else as well. It is the beginning of his psychic, guilt-ridden odyssey, which takes place (almost) entirely in a hospital, possibly a psychiatric hospital.
But what on earth makes me think he’s in a hospital, psychiatric or otherwise?
Well, my theory is that when he is born, his mother is already dead. I believe that Beau killed her before this opening scene and that he has been placed in a psychiatric hospital in the wake of her murder. In fact, I think he probably also tried to kill himself as well (in a murder/suicide event) and that what we’re witnessing is Beau’s life flashing before his eyes before he finally dies.
For those of you who have seen this movie, I can hear you gasping in disbelief. But stick with me and I’ll explain why…
The birthWithout question, the birth scene is a device used to bookend the movie, i.e., it opens with the protagonist’s birth and ends with his death. It is unquestionably clumsy and cliched, but despite this it serves to quickly establish Beau’s troubled relationship with his mother.
I believe this scene is also takes place in the moment after he has murdered his mother and that is the beginning of his delirium/life flashing before his eyes – possibly drug-induced – after being apprehended and taken to a psychiatric facility and pumped full of a drug like Ketamine which can sedate, incapacitate, and induce hallucinations.
The odysseyThis cuts to Beau in his mid-thirties, living alone in a shitty apartment in a really shitty city that one reviewer described as Boschian, i.e., it’s reminiscent of the painting titled The Garden of Earthly Delights by Dutch Artist Hieronymus Bosch. It’s a perfect description.
He gets a phone call from his mother who wants him to get on a plane and come visit her in his childhood home.
He endures a couple of disastrous attempts to leave his apartment and involves various encounters with characters, including a naked serial killed, straight out of the Bosch-like world.
To me, the characters that inhabit this place are other patients in the psychiatric facility where he is being housed. Needless to say, he is terrified of the hostile environment.
When his wallet and suitcase are stolen (taken from him by hospital staff?), he calls his mother and tells her he can’t come home to see her. Her demeanour immediately changes, and her disappointment is abundantly clear. Driven by guilt and a sense of not wanting to disappoint her, Beau assures her he’ll find a way to get home.
Then he gets a call from the family lawyer advising him that his mother is dead, that she died when she was struck in the head by a chandelier that fell from the ceiling in her house. The lawyer tells him he has to hurry up and get home because they can’t have her funeral until he gets there.
Determined to get home, Beau makes a run for it. In the street, he is stabbed by the naked serial killer and hit by car.
The doctorThis chapter of the film was pivotal in my assessment that the whole thing is taking place in Beau’s end of life delirium.
It turns out the driver of the car is the wife of a doctor who takes him home to their house. The doctor and his wife have a strange daughter whom they feed pills for breakfast. They also have a traumatised veteran whom they care for and who lives in a caravan on their property. They feed him pills, too.
The doctor fits Beau with an ankle bracelet monitor. I wasn’t aware that psychiatric facilities used ankle bracelets, but apparently electronic monitoring devices are used in some mental health facilities to monitor patients. They are used to track patients who have been deemed a danger to themselves or others and are at risk of leaving the facility without permission, which is exactly what Beau does. He flees the facility and ends up in the forest. More on that in a minute…
The doctor also informs Beau that he has an abnormally swollen testicle, which is a clear nod to the Oedipal complex and his emasculation. There is also the suggestion that he is still a virgin.
The doctor offers Beau a cocktail of drugs to ease his pain. In fact, he’s keen to give Beau a really cool new drug. Beau is grateful for the doctor’s help, but insists he has to get home to his mother’s house. The doctor assures Beau that he will drive him to his mother’s house tomorrow.
As Beau waits to be taken home, a series of whacky events ensue including a moment when the doctor’s wife hands him a remote control and tells him to watch TV. When he turns the TV on, he sees himself on the screen, like he’s being filmed. He hits the fast-forward button and sees what is going to happen to him in the next few moments.
When Beau hits the fast forward button, he watches events that have already happened. Now, of course, that’s impossible. He could only see the future if it has already happened. Therefore, he is recalling it, remembering it as though he is slipping in and out of his delirium.
Shortly after, Beau escapes from the house and flees into the surrounding forest (aren’t most creepy psychiatric facilities surrounded by a luscious forest?), which seems to indicate that he has escaped from the psychiatric facility.
Whatever the case, whether he escaped from the hospital or is still there, his delirium/odyssey continues, and he eventually meets with a ‘travelling theatre company’. It’s here where his unfulfilled hopes and dreams regarding a wife and family are revealed, albeit in a very long and very strange story-within-a-story kind of way.
After that, he finally makes it to the family home where is surprised to see his dead mother is up and walking and able to have a conversation with him. However, that conversation is an unhappy one in which none of their relational issues are resolved. The conversation eventually develops into an argument. Her vitriol triggers something in him, and he reaches out to choke her. Finally, she falls into a fish tank, dead. Again.
The deathThe movie closes with the other bookend, that of Beau’s death. It’s night-time when he rows a boat across a lake and ends up, in the boat, in the middle of a crowded stadium, which is, in fact, purgatory. And well all know that purgatory is where we go to be judged.
In Beau’s delirium, the family lawyer is his prosecutor and judge. Symbolically, the lawyer (whether he was once a real person in Beau’s life or not) is also his guilt.
In front of the crowd of faceless people, Beau’s mother (who is alive again) and the family lawyer accuse Beau of failing to live up to his mother’s expectations and is responsible for her death.
But in his delirious state, why is Beau judging himself so harshly? What is he guilty for? His mother’s murder, yes. However, I believe he also feels guilt for being a disappointment to her.
His mother was a strong, successful woman. He was never able to step out from underneath her overbearing personality in order to distance himself from her, or to stop her from emotionally torturing and emasculating him.
When he couldn’t take this torture anymore, he killed her. However, the guilt he felt over killing her, was so overwhelming that he killed himself too.
So, what is this movie actually about?This is all well and good, but what is this movie actually about? It’s a good question but one that has a disappointing answer.
One fundamental mistake is that there is nothing for Beau to overcome. He cannot fix his relationship with his mother because she is dead, whether by his hand or by the falling chandelier, which means there is no challenge for him to meet. He is simply a passive character existing in a world where things happen to him.
And there is no reprieve from that. No respite from his misery or the endless series of events that lurch him from one disaster to the next. There is no hope that he might escape his miserable existence, and despite the fact that it all takes place in dream/delirium, it is difficult to feel sympathy for him, even as an archetypal wounded child character, because he does very little to actually help himself (apart from possibly escaping from the psychiatric facility).
But the biggest fundamental problem is that there is absolutely no underlying message – whatsoever.
Maybe it was trying to say blame your parents for everything, that evil mothers deserve to die, or that no one who enters a psychiatric facility ever lives to get out, but I don’t think so.
Some have suggested that it might be a “profound statement about the purgatorial nature of existence” while others think it might be a “janky Rube Goldberg machine meant to purge the artist's fears of death and women.” These are fairly shallow observations, but then again, they might be right!
The movie has bells and whistles, but it is ultimately a superficial and hollow narrative with nothing real or though-provoking to say, which means viewers literally just watch three hours of a hopeless man being tortured on the way to his inescapable doom.
It seems to me that writer/director was attempting to make a psychological odyssey in the vein of David Lynch – but failed – simply because he did not have anything to actually say, i.e., there was nothing truthful, authentic, or profound underpinning this three-hour long narrative.
Joaquin Phoenix, God bless him, gives it his all and his archetypal wounded child character never wavers. However, his performance is not enough to get this film over the line and into Lynchian territory.
Ironically, this is exactly how I felt about Hereditary. Hereditary was also devoid of a core or underlying message. Both narratives were all about the bells and whistles at the expense of a core principle or message. A horror narrative is more likely to get away with this than any kind of psychological narrative. And this is what ultimately makes both movies so unsatisfying.
If you’ve seen the movie, feel free to disagree. Or agree. I’d love to hear your thoughts.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PuiWDn976EkApril 9, 2023
Roland Barthes and the 'Death of the Author'
Roland Barthes was a French literary theorist, essayist, philosopher, critic, and semiotician. Born in 1915 in the town of Cherbourg in Normandy, his family moved to Paris in 1924. In 1935, he commenced his academic career at the Sorbonne where he studied classical literature. In 1952, he took a position at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique where he studied sociology and lexicology.
Barthes wrote extensively on the nature of text and interpretation. One of his most well-known and influential ideas is the concept of the "death of the author." In this blog post, we will explore what Barthes meant by this phrase and its impact on literary criticism and interpretation.
Death of the authorIn his 1968 essay (titled Death of the Author) Barthes argued that the traditional notion of authorship, in which the author is seen as the creator and ultimate authority of a text, is problematic. He contended that the author's intentions and biography are irrelevant to the interpretation of a text and that the meaning of a text is not fixed, but rather is created by the reader.
Barthes argued that the author's role in the creation of a text is relatively insignificant compared to the reader's role in interpreting it. He wrote, "The birth of the reader must be at the cost of the death of the Author." This means that the reader is the one who ultimately determines the meaning of a text, not the author. The reader's interpretation is shaped by their own experiences, biases, and cultural context, and the author's intentions are not a necessary or sufficient condition for understanding a text.
Barthes' argument is rooted in the idea that a text is not a closed system, but rather an open-ended one that invites multiple interpretations. He suggests that the author's role in creating a text is minimal, and that the text itself is a product of the cultural and historical context in which it is produced. The author, according to Barthes, is simply a "scriptor" who writes a text but has no control over how it will be interpreted by readers.
Barthes also critiqued the idea that a text is a transparent representation of reality. He argued that a text is always a construction and that meaning is not something that exists within the text itself but is created by the reader. Barthes wrote, "a text is not a line of words releasing a single 'theological' meaning (the 'message' of the Author-God) but a multi-dimensional space in which a variety of writings, none of them original, blend and clash." This means that a text is not a simple reflection of reality but is instead a complex and layered construction made up of multiple meanings and influences.
The death of the author also has implications for the relationship between the text and the reader. Barthes' ideas suggested that the reader is an active participant in the creation of meaning and that the text is open to multiple interpretations. This means that the reader has a greater degree of agency in the reading process and is not simply a passive receiver of the author's message.
CriticismTraditional literary criticism focuses on the author's intentions and biography to understand a text. Barthes' ideas challenge this approach and instead encourage critics to focus on the text itself and the various ways it can be interpreted, i.e., readers to interpret it however they wish without regards to the author's intentions or the historical context in which it was written. This shift in focus allows for a more diverse range of interpretations and perspectives, rather than a single, authoritative reading.
Barthes' ideas about the death of the author have been highly influential in literary criticism and have led to a shift away from traditional approaches to literary interpretation. However, it is important to note that Barthes' ideas have also been criticised. Some have argued that Barthes goes too far in dismissing the role of the author and that the author's intentions and biography are essential to understanding a text, and that disregarding this information leads to a reductionist and superficial interpretation of literature. Others have pointed out that Barthes' ideas can be taken to the extreme, leading to a complete relativism in which all interpretations are equally valid.
SupportSupporters of Bathes’ theory argue that it frees readers from the constraints of the author's intentions allowing them to engage with a text in a more personal and meaningful way. They also argue that it allows for a more democratic and inclusive interpretation of literature, as it allows for multiple perspectives to be considered.
Michel FoucaultOne of the most notable critics of the death of the author theory is the French philosopher, Michel Foucault. As well as a philosopher, Foucault was an historian, writer, political activist and literary critic. In his 1969 essay "What is an Author?" he critiques Barthes' argument, stating that the author is not simply a passive scriptor, but rather an active producer of meaning. Foucault argues that the author is a subject who is defined by their work, and that understanding the author's intentions and biography is essential to understanding the text. He also argues that the author's role in creating a text is not insignificant, but rather an important aspect of the text's meaning.
Ongoing debate
The debate surrounding the death of the author theory continues to this day, with literary critics and scholars holding a wide range of perspectives on the issue. Some argue that the author's intentions and biography are essential to understanding a text, while others argue that the reader's interpretation is more important. Some argue that the author is an active producer of meaning, while others argue that the author's role is minimal.
One thing that can be agreed upon is that the theory of the death of the author has contributed to a shift in the way we think about literature and interpretation. It has encouraged readers to think critically about the texts they read and to consider multiple perspectives. It has also highlighted the importance of understanding the cultural and historical context in which a text is produced.
So, what are your thoughts on Roland Barthes and his theory? Do you think the author’s role in the text is minimal? Or do you think the author’s role, and their biography, is essential to the meaning of the text? Maybe you believe a combination of both arguments is vital in understanding a work of fiction. Either way, these are interesting aspects to consider when embarking on a new piece of writing, don’t you think?
February 25, 2023
What is Creative Writing? (And what does it do?)
Creative writing is an incredibly unique form of expression, but what exactly is it? And what does it do? In this blog post, we'll be discussing what creative writing is and its purpose. We'll explore the various forms it can take, the benefits of creative writing, and the various ways it can be used. So, if you've ever been curious about what creative writing is and what it does, this is the post for you!
Defining creative writingCreative writing is a form of artistic expression that combines imagination with the written word. It has been around for centuries, although it wasn’t until the late 18th century that it began to be recognised as an official literary form. The term creative writing was first used by poet and critic Matthew Arnold in 1883. Creative writing is often associated with literature and poetry but can include many different forms of expression such as song writing, screenwriting, playwriting, and even journalistic writing.
One of the most important things to remember about creative writing is that it should be original and imaginative. This means that words used should be carefully chosen and the work should not just be a rehashing of someone else’s ideas. Creative writing is a unique way to express one’s thoughts and feelings, often with great emotion or insight.
A fun fact about creative writing is that it can be performed live, such as when a playwright reads their work aloud to an audience or when a poet reads a poem. Another fun fact is that creative writing can also take place online or in virtual forums, such as on blogs or social media sites.
Writing is powerful way to communicate one’s ideas and emotions, as well as to bring joy to readers. Creative writing can be enjoyed by anyone—all you need is a vivid imagination!
The purpose of creative writingWhen it comes to understanding the meaning of creative writing, many people wonder “What is creative writing all about?” Well, in a nutshell, it is a form of expression used to tell stories and convey emotions in an imaginative way. It is often characterised by the use of poetic language and vivid imagery, and usually written with an emotional or philosophical purpose in mind. Creative writing allows writers to explore their imaginations and express themselves authentically and in a way that goes beyond simply presenting facts.
Is creative writing hard? While it does require practice and dedication, anyone can learn how to write creatively if they are willing to put in the effort. What is the point of writing creatively? Creative writing gives people the freedom to express themselves in ways that may not be possible with traditional forms of communication. It allows us to explore our imaginations and tell stories in new and exciting ways.
The benefits of creative writingCreative writing can bring many benefits into your life, both emotionally and mentally. Writing creatively allows you to express yourself and your thoughts in unique and meaningful ways. Not only does it help you to express yourself, but it can also give you an outlet for emotions and thoughts that may otherwise have been suppressed or kept bottled up. Creative writing can be used as a form of self-care, a way to find meaning in the everyday and to explore new ideas and perspectives.
When you write creatively, you can express yourself without fear of judgement or criticism. It can also be a powerful form of communication, helping you to reach out to others and make meaningful connections. Writing can be cathartic, helping you to process difficult emotions, such as grief or loss, in a productive way. It can also provide an avenue for healing, as you come to terms with certain events or feelings.
In addition to its mental health benefits, creative writing can also be a great way to strengthen your cognitive abilities. It is a form of exercise for the brain, allowing you to practice problem-solving, critical thinking, and memory recall. Creative writing can help to improve your writing skills and enable you to create interesting pieces that are compelling and engaging.
Whether you want to express yourself, improve your mental wellbeing, or just explore something new, creative writing can be a great option for anyone looking for something different. It is not only about what you write, but also about the process of creating something meaningful—something that has meaning for you. So why not give it a go and see what creative writing can do for you?
Different types of creative writingCreative writing covers a wide range of genres and styles, from poetry and fiction to plays, screenplays, and beyond. While creative writing has no single meaning or purpose, there are a few main types of creative writing that can help you hone your craft and develop your skills as a writer.
One of the most common types of creative writing is narrative fiction, which tells a story using characters, plot points, and other elements of storytelling. This type of writing often involves detailed descriptions, dialogue, and even a moral or lesson at the end.
Another popular type of creative writing is creative nonfiction. This type of writing focuses on facts but is written in an engaging and creative style. Creative nonfiction is often used to discuss complex topics in an interesting way.
Poetry is another popular form of creative writing. Poems can be very short or very long, depending on the poet's preferences. They often focus on a specific theme, emotion, or idea and may include imagery, symbolism, and other poetic techniques.
Finally, playwriting is another type of creative writing. Plays tell stories through dialogue and action, often with the aid of stage directions. Writing plays requires knowledge of both theatrical structure and storytelling techniques.
No matter what type of creative writing you choose, it's important to remember that creativity doesn't have to mean difficulty. Writing creatively is about finding a unique way to express yourself and tell your stories in an engaging and meaningful way.
Creative writers have something to sayBecoming a creative writer is not a simple task. It takes years of hard work and dedication to master the skills that are needed for this profession. However, it’s not just about having the talent or skills, it’s also about mastering the craft.
Aspiring creative writers need to have an innate talent for writing. They need to have excellent grammar and spelling skills, as well as an understanding of how to form sentences in order to convey their ideas properly. They also need the ability to think outside the box, be imaginative, and come up with original content that will captivate their readers.
There are many skills that a creative writer needs to learn in order to be successful. They need to have an understanding of different types of writing and genres, they need to know how to write in different styles and formats, they need to know how to write for different audiences and purposes, they need to understand the principles of storytelling and how it can be used in their work. The list goes on!
Most creative writers spend years honing their skills before they can call themselves masters of their trade. The more time you invest in your skills, the better they are. Thankfully, creative writing courses are available in many countries around the world. Creative writing is often taught as part of an English degree or as a stand-alone course at university.
How to get started in creative writingCreative writing is an art. It is a literary art. It’s one of the most challenging forms of writing.
Creative writers are people who write creatively and typically produce work that is not factual—unless you’re writing creative non-fiction! They may use their own experiences, imagination, and knowledge to create a story. Creative writers can be found in all sorts of industries, including advertising and marketing, journalism, screenwriting and other storytelling professions.
In order to get started in creative writing you need to understand the fundamentals of writing. Creative writing courses will teach you how to write creatively as well as the basics of grammar and sentence structure. You should also read a lot of books on writing so that you can have an understanding of what works for other creative writers.
Creative writing requires a lot of creativity and imagination to come up with a story that can captivate an audience. However, it’s not just about being creative; it's also about being able to write well. This means that you need to be excellent at structuring your work and developing an engaging storyline.
So, where do you begin? Well, it’s important to find a niche or genre that you enjoy. It is important to have a good understanding of the market, and what content people are looking for. Start by identifying your interests and passions. You’ll want to write about subjects that are meaningful to you, or about subjects that are important in your life. If you are someone who loves animals, for example, maybe you could write about the different types of animals or how they live in their natural habitats. You could also write about what it would be like if animals were given the same rights as humans (which is something some people believe should happen).
One of the best ways to learn how to write creatively is by reading books, short stories, and poems that are written by authors who are considered well-known in the field of creative writing. If there is something that has always interested you but never found out much about it, then researching this topic might be a good way to get started. Just remember that researching can take up a substantial amount of your time. One of the best things to do is to join a writers’ group. Writers’ groups allow you to share your work with others and to get feedback in a mutually supportive environment.
So, what are you waiting for?Creative writing is a great way to express yourself and share your thoughts with others. It can also help you figure out what you want to do with your life, find your voice, and make connections with people who share similar interests.
Happy writing!
February 8, 2023
The Whale: A Deep Dive into a Heart-Wrenching Tale of Love and Loss
Unless you’ve been shunning the media or hiding yourself away in some cold dank cave for the last few months, you must surely have heard of the surprise hit movie The Whale staring comeback kid, Brendan Fraser. A writer friend and colleague invited me to go along and see it with him earlier this week.
Darren Aronofsky’s movies can be challenging for audiences and for his actors. For me, his films are always a bit hit and miss. Pi, Requiem for a Dream, and The Wrestler were great, but Black Swan and Noah… Yikes. However, I got caught up in the hype and praise for Brendan Fraser’s big screen comeback. Like many movie fans, I love Brendan Fraser and was keen to see him in something new, and so I was happy to go to the cinema with my friend to see what all the hoopla was about.
After watching the movie, Michael and I discussed it at some length, and much of what is written here was prompted by that discussion. For the record, we both enjoyed the film. In fact, I enjoyed more than I thought I would, and I can certainly see why it might garner and Oscar nod or two. However, while some critics are praising the film a masterpiece, others were less than impressed. It turns out this humble, yet poignant little film is quite polarising. There doesn’t seem to be any middle ground at all; people either believe it to be a masterpiece, or a pile of sentimental claptrap.
Now, I don’t normally write opinion pieces on other peoples’ creative work because I largely agree with literary theorist and critic Roland Barthes who said, “the author is dead”. What did Barthes mean by that? Long story short, he meant that once a work is published, or in this case filmed, and sent out into the world to be read or viewed, it’s up to the audience to divine the narrative’s meaning. This means, of course, that every member of the audience will have a different interpretation of the work, but according to Barthes that’s how it should be.
Having said that, I feel that some of the criticism levelled at this movie is a little unfair so, I’m going offer up my two cents along with the thousands of others who have reviewed this latest blockbuster. Now, a detailed analysis of everything in this narrative would take weeks of research and writing so I’m just going to focus on some of the most contentious aspects of the film. Sorry about that.
And before I begin, I’d like to remind everyone that no film, book, play, or epic poem is perfect because all fiction is contrived, even if they are based on a true story, and with that we should take all narratives for what they are—allegories or metaphors for issues that are often deep,
uncomfortable, confronting, or disturbing.
If you haven’t seen this movie yet, be warned. From this point on there will be SPOILERS.
Now, on with my two cents…
SummaryAware of his imminent death from heart disease, a grossly obese man reaches out to his estranged teen-aged daughter, whom he hasn’t seen for almost ten years, in the hope of reconnecting with her and redeeming himself before he passes away.
The PlayThe movie is based on an award-winning play (Lucille Lortel Award for Best Play and a Drama Desk Award for Significant Contribution to Theatre) written by Samuel D. Hunter who also wrote the screenplay for the movie.
Based, at least in part, on Hunter’s own life experiences, he started work on the script thirteen years ago when teaching expository writing at Rutgers University in New Jersey. He could see that his class of college freshmen didn’t really believe in what they were writing and were simply writing content that they thought he wanted to read. Seeing this, he challenged them to write something honest. They rose to that challenge, and he ended up getting several moving responses to his request. This anecdote is significant because Hunter uses it as a device in the movie script.
MelodramaOne of the biggest criticisms is that the film hasn’t expanded much upon the play, especially in terms of locations. The Whale is a “contained” movie, i.e., it has one location and a limited number of actors. A movie like this is a producer’s dream, but they are also not without inherent problems. Locations often form the function of a character and have an emotional impact on the characters.
In The Whale, the main character Charlie is a shut in. His obesity prohibits him from going outside and he staunchly refuses to go to the hospital for treatment. As such his upstairs, two-bedroom apartment is a metaphoric coffin or tomb, which is suitably dark and dank, and definitely adds weight to the gritty realism of this intriguing tale.
Only the myriad shelves laden with books attest to the fact that Charlie is educated and somewhat sophisticated. Yet, despite this education and sophistication, Charlie is an archetypal ‘innocent’. We’ll talk about this important aspect of the character in more detail a bit later.
But first let’s talk about the melodrama. One critic said:
…with its themes of redemption, family love, and the boundless capacity for caring about other people—all fine in themselves but too melodramatic, too portentous here—doesn’t tell us much about the psychology of obesity.
Is this film melodramatic? At times, yes, it is undeniably melodramatic. In the movie world, the word melodrama is something of a dirty word. When handled badly, melodrama can make audiences squirm in their seats. However, the melodrama in this film was nowhere near squirm-worthy, and so I feel this criticism is a little unfair and akin to going to see a dramatic movie and then complaining about the drama.
And everything about the movie is portentous. It does nothing to hide the fact that each day spanning the length of the film is counting down to Charlie’s last day. It’s a significant point.
Melodramatic moments in The Whale are largely sprung from the technical device of releasing of emotional tension that has built up in a character to a point where it can no longer be contained. Without those melodramatic moments, this movie could well have been a dirge that did nothing but plod along from one critical incident to the next without any demonstrable moments of light and shade.
And these demonstrable moments of light and shade are necessary in this movie such as this, largely because the narrative is contained to a single location. Charlie’s apartment is a metaphor for the claustrophobic coffin or tomb in which he lives. Because of this, demonstrable moments of light and shade are not only necessary but welcome.
ObesityThe film has received much criticism for its use of a fat suit as well as its overall depiction of obesity. Of self-medicating with food. That first critic also said the movie ‘doesn’t tell us much about the psychology of obesity’.
I disagree. I think this movie says much about the psychology of obesity.
Another critic argued that putting:
,…a camera in front of Brendan Fraser, encased in a fat suit that makes him appear to weigh 600 pounds, and asking us to wallow in his deterioration. In theory, we are meant to pity him or at least find sympathy for his physical and psychological plight by the film's conclusion. But in reality, the overall vibe is one of morbid fascination for this mountain of a man.
I’m not going to mention any of the critics’ names because, rightly or wrongly, I don’t believe they don’t matter as much as their comments do.
The Whale is a hybrid dirty realist/psychological realist narrative. If it weren’t for elements of sophistication, it would be a low-rent tragedy about people who watch daytime television, read cheap romances, or listen to country and western music. It features a characters who have lost their way; however, it also digs into the reason why they have lost their way.
Aronofsky did indeed place a camera in front of Brendan Fraser for the purpose of spectacle and has been called out for doing so with accusations of fat shaming. Others believe an actor who was closer to Charlie’s size should have been cast. Fraser and Aronofsky worked with the Obesity Action Coalition and in partnership with a psychiatrist and eating disorder specialist to ensure the Charlie was represented with as much sensitivity and empathy as possible.
Aronofsky’s decision to film these moments raises the question of whether or not audiences would have as much sympathy for Charlie if they hadn’t seen his shirtless body, or the way he constantly sweats, or gulps down food, or struggles to walk or get out of his chair? And if they hadn’t seen those things, those intensely personal and close-up moments, would they have been able to discern the difference between his life and their own?
The point is that Aronofsky does want us to gawk at Charlie so that he can move us past any initial fascination, morbid or not, with his physical presence in order to see the reality and tragedy that has led to such an extreme existence. This is dirty realism.
RedemptionThe overarching theme of The Whale is the unattainability of desires, but the narrower and more focused theme is that of redemption which is skillfully woven throughout the narrative.
Another critic said this:
His depiction of Charlie's isolation within his squalid Idaho apartment includes a scene of him masturbating to gay porn with such gusto that he almost has a heart attack, a moment made of equal parts shock value and shame. But then, in a jarring shift, the tone eventually turns maudlin with Charlie's increasing martyrdom.
Martyrdom? A martyr is a person who sacrifices something of great value and especially life itself for the sake of principle or so that others might be redeemed. Is Charlie a martyr? What principle is he sacrificing himself to? Is he being killed?
I would argue that he is being killed, arguably by two people: himself and his only friend, Liz. When Charlie’s boyfriend Alan committed suicide, Alan’s sister Liz stepped up to help take care of him. Liz is a nurse who brings him food, keeps him company, listens to his failing heartbeat through a stethoscope, and warns him he must go to hospital if he wants to survive. Liz is a Godsend and a true saviour.
Or is she? Liz is a good person. Her heart is in the right place, but the truth is she’s enabler, i.e., a person who enables negative or self-destructive behaviour in another. She brings Charlie buckets of deep-fried chicken and meatball sub sandwiches—she is effectively assisting in killing Charlie with her misguided kindness. Liz is not a saviour and despite arguing her intentions are ‘good’.
And then there’s the missionary who comes to Charlie’s front door preaching the good word and unexpectedly saves Charlie from a potentially deadly heart attack. Charlie invites the man in because he believes it to be Liz at the door and he needs help.
Critics have scorned the presence of this character who makes repeated uninvited visits to Charlie’s house arguing that his presence makes no sense. In some respect this is true. After the first visit there really is no reason for him to return. However, return he does and during their conversations we learn that Charlie was once a member of the same church that the missionary belongs to. The subject of salvation is raised once again when the missionary admits that he believes in the Rapture and that those who have given their life to God will be saved.
Charlie reveals that he has read the Bible many times and that he knows God’s plan, according to the book of Revelation, is to save a total of 144,000 men, which leaves the rest of the world’s population of 7.5 billion to die. Charlie doesn’t put much faith in that idea, but it doesn’t really matter as it appears as though Charlie doesn’t want to be saved anyway. For all intents and purposes, it appears that Charlie is a suicide who is slowly but surely killing himself with food. But why? What is driving him to commit this extreme kind of suicide?
It would seem that his choices are being driven by a sense of guilt for leaving his wife and child in order to make a life with Alan. After all, guilt is a moral emotion and Charlie is a highly sensitive person. And highly sensitive people often turn their emotional distress inward which, in turn, becomes self-destructive behaviour. Arguably, in Charlie’s case, he overeats due to his guilt.
However, Brendan Fraser doesn’t believe that Charlie is committing suicide. Rather, Fraser believes that despite being wounded by Alan’s death, Charlie wants to live even though he knows he must die. Curiously, Fraser does not elaborate on the reason why Charlie must die. If Charlie sought immediate help, he would likely survive so, what is driving him to continue on his path of self-destruction?
Charlie uses food to assuage his grief over Alan’s loss and admits that he just let his eating get out of control. Allusion is made to the fact that Alan is an anorexic, so the irony of Charlie being obese is not lost on those who caught that detail. Fraser adds that Charlie is not at peace with the fact that he is going to die, but believes his only salvation is to reconnect with his daughter.
Fraser’s take on the character is interesting but he does not elaborate on why he believes Charlie wants to live or why does he constantly refuse help to get his eating under control. Neither does he elaborate on why he believes Charlie requires salvation. Is it because he feels guilty for leaving his wife and child? Possibly, but I’m not so sure.
We know that at some point in his life Charlie believed in God, as did his boyfriend Alan. When the church rejected Alan for being gay, Alan committed suicide. Presumably it rejected Charlie for the same reason. And nobody imposes guilt quite like the Christian church—of any denomination. However, Charlie does not sacrifice himself as a martyr who is standing up for a principle. Rather, he crucifies himself on the cross of loss.
But I don’t think this cross is the loss of Alan, despite the fact that Charlie clearly loved him and is still mourning his loss. I believe the cross for Charlie is the metaphorical loss of his daughter, their years of estrangement, and the possibility they might never be reconciled. As the day of his death rapidly approaches, Charlie inherently knows he must fulfill his purpose, his task, of making his daughter see how amazing she is.
ArchetypesBrendan Fraser observed that weight stigma has significant consequences on emotional and physical health. He also argued that Charlie is self-aware, has the capacity to love, and sees good in others when they can’t see it in themselves, that he can bring out that goodness out in others, but tragically can’t bring it out in himself.
When Charlie reconnects with his daughter after a very long estrangement, he proclaims she is an amazing person. Considering she exhibits nothing but rage and visible contempt for him, it’s a bold claim. She is a truly awful human being who spits nothing but lies and venom every time she opens her mouth. Regardless of this, Charlie loves her and everything Charlie does is in service of her wellbeing.
However, the daughter isn’t the only one who Charlie believes is amazing—he believes everyone is amazing. So, who is Charlie and why does he believe everyone is amazing?
Well, I believe Charlie is an “innocent”—in the archetypal sense. And it’s an archetype that is often misunderstood and disliked.
Despite being educated and sophisticated, Charlie demonstrates many of the values typically associated with this archetype. For example, positive qualities include simplicity, i.e., there’s a clear line between right and wrong, and every problem has a simple solution (his death); morality, i.e., he abides by his own moral code and wants to do the right thing; and joy/harmony, i.e., his number one goal is the happiness that he wants for himself and others. He is also optimistic, always choosing to see the good in others. He is loyal and follows though on commitments made to those he loves. And, for the most part, he is honest and sincere.
Negative qualities of this archetype include naivety, resisting change, disappointing others, and denial. Charlie exhibits all of these qualities.
This character archetype generally exists to be of service to another character or characters and so it is not usually cast as a narrative’s protagonist. Often this archetype is the deuteragonist or tritagonist and is some kind of ally to the hero as their purpose is to rally the hero and keep them on the right track. They often provide a narrative’s comic relief.
If you’ve seen The Green Mile, the character John Coffey played this role to Tom Hanks’s protagonist. The novice nun Agnes in Agnes of God is also an “innocent”. However, this character archetype can also definitely be the protagonist. If you’ve seen the movie Elf, the protagonist Buddy is an archetypal “innocent”.
When an archetypal character has completed their task or their mission, they often either die or disappear entirely from the other characters’ lives.
For archetypal “innocents”, humanity’s darkness is often too much to bear, and Charlie has endured a lot of humanity’s darkness, i.e., bigotry from the church, loneliness, loss, isolation, unkindness, and impending death. As the protagonist his function has not been to guide or support others on their journey, but to bring out the good in others, the good that they cannot see in themselves. Once he has achieved that with his daughter, he can be released from the pain of living. And arguably, Charlie has been his daughter’s salvation more than she has been his.
Brendan Fraser did not elaborate on the reason why Charlie must die, but I believe it is because he has completed his purpose or function and so he chooses to die rather than to seek help to continue living. This might seem like a crazy choice to most people, but it is perfectly aligned to an archetypal “innocent” character.
The Final SceneAnd so, we come to the final scene, which has, once again, been subjected to criticism with some critics even suggesting it is “twee”.
At some point, Charlie’s daughter decided to test his love for her and demanded that Charlie get up off his couch and walk across the room to her. When she first demands this of him, he is unable to do it. However, in the final scene he does it, but it is not without consequences.
When Charlie finally reaches his daughter, who is now loving and supportive of him, the screen flashes white and we cut to a shot of Charlie’s feet as he levitates several inches above the floor. We immediately understand that Charlie has died as a result of his exertion. But why is he levitating off the floor? What is this meant to represent?
I’m fairly confident that the image is suggesting that Charlie is ascending into Heaven. This would certainly fit the “innocent” archetype and the religious themes of redemption and salvation. The big question is, is Charlie one of God’s 144,000?
Summing UpAs I said, a really in-depth analysis of this film could take weeks, if not months, because there is so much in the narrative to explore and unpack. And I haven’t even touched on references to the deeply homoerotic novel Moby Dick. Honestly, what I’ve written about here barely touches the surface of what’s going on in this multi-layered narrative.
More importantly, has playwright/screenwriter Samuel D. Hunter executed all of these multi-layered elements flawlessly? No, certainly not. Character motivations and “rules” of the archetype have certainly been “massaged” to fit the narrative; however, this does not make it a bad story at all. The Whale is an excellent story, well told, and it is certainly worth the price of a cinema ticket to see it.
https://youtu.be/D30r0CwtIKcJanuary 30, 2023
The History and Impact of Chained Libraries
A chained library is a special type of library where books are chained to the shelves in order to prevent theft and ensure that the books remain in the library. They’ve been around for centuries, and the impact of these libraries is still being felt today. However, few people realise chained libraries were a real thing.
Chained libraries are often used as a source of mystery and danger in books and films as they’re a great way to add tension or suspense to a narrative. For example, one of the most iconic chained libraries is the Restricted Section of the Hogwarts library in the Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. This area of the library is filled with books that are chained to the shelves, and the students must search for the one book that they need to complete their quest. The library is guarded by a series of magical creatures, making it a dangerous and exciting place to explore.
A chained library also features in the movie The Cabin in the Woods. It contains a vast number of books that are chained to the shelves, and the characters must figure out how to unlock them in order to gain access to the knowledge that they contain. And, of course, in the season six finale of Game of Thrones, Samwell Tarly is granted access to the Citadel Library where many of the books are chained.
The history of chained librariesThe history of chained libraries dates back to the medieval era, when books were very expensive and hard to come by. One of the earliest chained libraries was built in 16th century England. It was established by Richard de Bury, the Bishop of Durham, and contained over 400 books.
Chained libraries worked by chaining books to the shelves with metal chains attached to the book’s spine. This ensured that the books remained in the library while still allowing readers to access the book’s contents. However, the process of chaining books was time consuming, as each book had to be individually chained to the shelves. It was also expensive as the metal chains had to be purchased and replaced regularly.
It was a popular system during the medieval era and was used in libraries all across Europe. Libraries were able to maintain their collections while ensuring that their patrons had access to the books they needed. They system eventually spread to other parts of the world, but over time the system of chaining books was eventually replaced by other methods such as locking books in cabinets or using bookplates.
The impact of chained libraries on book preservation has been mixed. On one hand, chained libraries have ensured that books remain in the library and are accessible to readers. On the other hand, the metal chains can cause damage to the book’s spine, which can lead to the book becoming damaged over time. Additionally, the metal chains can also cause discoloration of the book’s binding, as the metal can react with the paper and cause discoloration.
Despite this, chained libraries have been an important part of library history and have had a lasting impact on libraries around the world. In order to mitigate the impact of chained libraries on book preservation, libraries developed newer and more modern methods of book security.
Where can you see a chained library?There are numerous examples of chained libraries that still exist. For example:
Basilica of St. John, Oleśnica, Poland Bolton School, Bolton, Lancashire, England Chelsea Old Church, London, England Chetham's Library, Manchester, England houses the chained parish library of Gorton Church of All Saints, Wrington, Somerset, England Church of St John the Baptist, Glastonbury, England Francis Trigge Chained Library, Grantham, England Hereford Cathedral Library, Hereford, England Malatestiana Library, Cesena, Italy Royal Grammar School, Guildford, England St Peter's Church, Wootton Wawen, Warwickshire, England St Walburga's Church, Zutphen, The Netherlands Trinity Hall, Cambridge, England Wimborne Minster, England Wells Cathedral, Somerset, England(Source: Wikipedia)
Preserving historyOnly five chained libraries remain intact, i.e., complete with their original furniture, books, and chains. However, according to Wikipedia there is some interest in reconstructing chained libraries. Wikipedia states that the library in the Church of Saint Walpurgis in the Netherlands and the Malatestiana Library in Cesena in Italy have undergone extensive restoration.
The library housed in St. Walburgis church in the town of Zutphen in the Netherlands dates back to the 16th century. Throughout the ages it has remained virtually unchanged and the ancient books are still chained to a wooden desk.
Likewise, the Hereford library is also open to the public. The oldest book in this library is Hereford Gospels. Written in the eighth century, the Hereford Gospels is one of 229 books located in the library.
Visiting these amazing archivesChained libraries have been an important part of library history and have had a lasting impact on libraries around the world. If you’ve ever visited one of these amazing archives, share you experience and post a pic in the comment section below!
January 14, 2023
10 Literary Movements that Influenced the World
Throughout history, (western) literary movements have had a profound effect on the world, but what is a movement? In a nutshell, it is a group of writers who A grouping of writers who share
similar aims, years of publication, similar goals, ideas, philosophies, and (often) a particular location. From the religion inspired texts of the Medieval Era to the avant-garde texts of the 20th century, these movements have left their mark on the way we think, write, and understand literature. In this blog post, we'll look at ten important literary movements that influenced the world in a variety of ways, from changing the way authors wrote stories to inspiring generations of readers. From the Dark Ages to Postmodernism, let's explore some of the most influential literary movements that have shaped the world.
Medieval Era & the Dark AgesThe Medieval Era is a period in literary history that lasted from roughly the 4th century to the 15th century. During this time, literature was mainly concerned with religious topics and authored by writers with a religious background. During this time, the primary written language of Europe was Latin. As a result, many authors of this period were primarily Latin authors, although there were writers in other languages as well.
The Medieval period was an era of transition in which Christian beliefs began to take precedence over pagan beliefs. Authors of this period focused on topics such as morality, religion, and the afterlife. Some of the most important authors of this period include Dante Alighieri, Geoffrey Chaucer, and Marie de France.
The Middle Ages is often referred to as the “Dark Ages” because it was a period of relative political instability and social turmoil. This period was marked by widespread poverty and a lack of education for many citizens. As a result, much of the literature from this era is characterised by dark themes and superstitions.
The Medieval period is considered one of the most influential literary movements in history and has had a lasting impact on modern literature. Many of the works from this period remain influential today and continue to inspire authors and writers from all walks of life.
RenaissanceThe Renaissance period began in the fourteenth century and was an important time for art, literature, music, and philosophy. It marked a new era of intellectual and cultural exploration and is often seen as a bridge between the Middle Ages and Modernity. During this period, European culture underwent a major shift in its sociopolitical landscape, and literary movements played a key role in this transformation.
The Renaissance was a period of great change, when writers began to focus on themes of humanism, individualism, secularism, and beauty. It was during this time that many of the world’s most renowned writers, including Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, and Christopher Marlowe, rose to fame. This period also saw the emergence of a new type of literature known as “humanist literature” which was concerned with exploring the human condition. Writers during this time sought to challenge long-standing social conventions and explore the value of human life. They also looked to classical antiquity as an example of beauty and moral excellence.
The Renaissance also had a great impact on the world’s literature. Themes such as individualism, humanism, and beauty were embraced by writers from all over Europe. These themes shaped how people wrote and how literature was understood. This period also saw the emergence of the field of sociology which focused on understanding societies through research and analysis. The Renaissance’s influence can still be felt today in how literature is written, interpreted, and understood. It is a testament to how literary movements can greatly influence and impact the world.
Enlightenment EraThe Enlightenment Era was a period of intellectual and scientific revolution in the eighteenth century that laid the foundations of modern western thought. Characterised by advancements in science, new ideologies, and the emergence of rationalism, this period saw a shift away from traditional religious views and an emergence of new literary movements. The Enlightenment Era marked an important period in the development of Western civilisation, inspiring new ideas and critical thinking.
The main characteristics of Enlightenment Era writing included a focus on reason, a scepticism towards religious and philosophical doctrines, and a commitment to progress. Writers during this period sought to question previously held beliefs and traditions and embrace a spirit of critical inquiry. This could be seen through their use of satire, irony, and wit in their works. Writers such as Voltaire and Diderot used humour to challenge authority and religious dogma. Enlightenment Era literature often focused on topics such as politics, philosophy, science, economics, and history.
Literary movements during the Enlightenment Era also had a profound influence on contemporary writers. The Age of Reason was an important movement that sought to replace superstition and traditional customs with scientific principles and facts. The Empiricist school of thought explored the idea of acquiring knowledge through evidence-based experience. This period also saw the emergence of the Neoclassical movement which used ancient Greek and Roman literature as inspiration for new works.
The Enlightenment Era was an important period in the development of literature that shaped many of the literary movements we see today. Writers during this period sought to challenge existing beliefs and traditions while embracing the power of critical thinking and reason. Through their works, these writers inspired countless contemporary authors who continue to explore these same themes.
RomanticismRomanticism was a literary movement which began in the late 18th century and extended into the early 19th century. This literary movement brought about a shift in the focus of literature from the rational, scientific, and objective aspects to a more subjective and emotional approach. Romanticism also rejected Enlightenment values of reason, order, and restraint, and instead celebrated individual imagination, intuition, feeling, and passion.
Writers and authors during this period wrote with an appreciation for nature, emotion, and individuality. These authors sought to move away from traditional forms of literature and create works that expressed their own unique perspectives on life. Through their writing, these authors influenced the world by introducing new ideas on what is important in life, such as love, beauty, joy, and spirituality. Romanticism had a profound impact on literature in the years since its emergence, and it continues to shape modern literature today.
The hallmarks of Romanticism include the focus on the natural world, emotion, imagination, and individualism. Writers of the period sought to emphasise the importance of these characteristics and to demonstrate the power of art and literature to shape society. Authors such as Lord Byron, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and William Wordsworth were prominent during this time, and their works have left a lasting mark on the world.
Through their works, these authors influenced the world by introducing new ideas on what is important in life, such as love, beauty, joy, and spirituality. To this day, Romanticism remains one of the most influential literary movements of all time.
Victorian EraThe Victorian Era (1837–1901) is characterised by a shift in literature towards realism and an atmosphere of moral seriousness. During this era, authors explored the human experience, morality, and social reform.
One of the most popular genres during the Victorian period was Gothic fiction, a style characterised by mystery and the supernatural. This genre often explored themes of dread and the macabre. Authors such as Mary Shelley and Edgar Allan Poe were known for their dark and suspenseful works that helped to define this literary movement.
Another genre that gained prominence during this period was the sensation novel, a popular form of literature written by authors such as Wilkie Collins and Charles Dickens. These stories explored the drama of everyday life, often featuring sensational events and characters from all walks of life.
Overall, the Victorian Period played an important role in shaping modern literature and literary movements. Through its exploration of the human experience and its fascination with Gothic and sensation novels, it has left an enduring legacy on literature and culture.
Aestheticism in literature is a literary movement that emerged during the Victorian era of the 19th century. It was a reaction to the industrial revolution, during which authors and writers were able to express their individualism. The aim of Aestheticism was to bring beauty and art into everyday life through literature. Authors such as Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater are among the most notable figures in this movement.
The characteristics of Aestheticism included emphasising the beauty of nature and art, advocating for self-expression and individualism, and celebrating sensory experiences such as colour, sound, and smells. The movement also focused on expressing emotions and feelings through the use of romantic and poetic language. Aesthetics in literature often used symbols or metaphors to communicate meaning and strove to capture the beauty of both nature and art in the written word.
NaturalismThe naturalist movement seeks to explain the world using scientific principles and to examine the effects of social determinism and heredity on behaviour. Naturalistic writers often employ a pessimistic worldview, with stories exploring topics such as poverty, crime, and despair. Naturalist authors commonly address problems such as substance abuse and mental illness, highlighting the consequences of an individual’s inability to cope with their environment.
Examples of famous authors associated with the Naturalism movement include Gustave Flaubert, Emile Zola, Stephen Crane, and Jack London. These authors are known for their vivid storytelling and bold characters, pushing the boundaries of what was acceptable in literature at the time. Characteristics of Naturalism literature include detailed descriptions of everyday life, use of dialect to accurately portray a character’s speech, and an objective approach to storytelling.
The Naturalism literary movement was ground-breaking in its time, paving the way for a new generation of writers and stories. By focusing on characters’ behaviour based on their environment, Naturalist writers opened up conversations about topics that had previously been considered taboo. As one of the most influential literary movements of all time, Naturalism continues to shape the way we think about literature today.
RealismRealism is one of the most prominent literary movements that shaped the world in the 19th century. It arose as a reaction to Romanticism, which was a movement based on emotion and idealism. Realism was about capturing life as accurately as possible and was first seen in French literature in the 1840s.
Writers during the realism period sought to depict everyday life realistically rather than focusing on fantastical stories or romanticised portrayals of people and their lives. Realist authors presented complex social issues through their work by exploring the various characteristics of their subjects, such as their motivations and values. They sought to provide an honest representation of reality and to highlight the importance of social issues in the lives of ordinary people. Realism has since become an important part of literature and continues to be used by writers today.
Some authors have continued to explore realistic aspects of society in their works, while others have used it as a basis for more abstract literary movements. For example, some writers have combined elements of realism with aspects of fantasy, creating new kinds of works with unique characteristics. Writers such as Virginia Woolf and E. M. Forster also helped bring modernism into focus, furthering the idea of literature as a form of expression beyond just providing accurate representations of life.
Today, many writers use realism as a tool to create works that explore both real-life situations and characters with deep emotional depth. From its inception in the 19th century to its influence on modern writers, realism remains an important literary movement that has significantly impacted our understanding of society and culture.
Beat GenerationThe Beat Generation was a literary movement that originated in the mid-1950s and early 1960s and was closely associated with the American counterculture of the time. Writers of this period were known for their rejection of conventional forms of literature, as well as their innovative ideas about how to write and express themselves. These writers sought to redefine literary conventions and challenge societal norms through their work. The most notable writers associated with this movement are Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. Burroughs, who all influenced the world of literature through their works.
Characteristics of the Beat Generation included an emphasis on living spontaneously, drug experimentation, non-conformism, and an appreciation for jazz music. Their writing style often featured stream-of-consciousness narrative, dreamlike imagery, and spontaneity. The Beats sought to push the boundaries of literature, embracing topics that had not been discussed openly before. Through their writing, they raised awareness of issues such as mental health, racism, materialism, and spirituality.
Overall, the Beat Generation played an important role in the development of modern literature, paving the way for future generations of authors to explore new ideas and approaches to writing. Its influence can still be felt today in the works of countless contemporary authors who continue to push boundaries in their writing.
ModernismModernism is a literary movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was a reaction against the strict conventions of Realism and the traditional values of Romanticism. In literature, modernism rejected the structure and content of traditional literature, and instead focused on creating new forms of expression that explored previously unexplored ideas, themes, and topics.
Modernist authors were greatly influenced by Sigmund Freud's theories of the unconscious, and often wrote in fragmented forms that explored the power of dreams and the depths of the human mind. The characteristics of Modernist literature include stream-of-consciousness writing, fragmentation, experimentation with narrative structure, free-verse poetry, and a focus on the psychological impact of language. Modernist works often challenge traditional values and ideals, resulting in an ambiguous and often non-linear plot structure.
Writers like T.S. Eliot, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and William Faulkner are considered some of the most influential modernist authors. Creative experimentation was at the heart of Modernism, and the movement pushed the boundaries of art and literature. During this period, the focus shifted from representing reality to the creative process itself, and authors and writers experimented with new forms and techniques to create works that had never been seen before. The characteristics of Modernism have been hugely influential in the literary world, and its impact can be seen in the works of countless authors and writers even today.
PostmodernismPostmodernism is a literary movement that began in the mid- to late 20th century and has heavily influenced contemporary literature. It is often characterised by its focus on fragmented structures, irony, and a lack of certainty or knowledge. Its authors challenge conventional ideas and ideologies, while creating works that are often highly reflective of society’s current state. Writers such as Toni Morrison, Salman Rushdie, and Thomas Pynchon are among the most influential authors of the postmodern era.
Postmodernism was heavily influenced by modernism and ultimately changed the landscape of the literary world. While modernism focused on order, structure, and the interpretation of certain symbols and motifs, postmodernism favoured fragmentation, satire, and irony. Postmodern literature often revolved around topics such as identity, race, gender, power dynamics, and morality.
Interestingly, one of the characteristics of postmodernism is an awareness of its own existence as a movement – it is an acknowledgment that writers at the time were aware that they were living in a period of transition, both in terms of literature and in terms of their lives. This movement was influential in changing the way authors saw themselves and their place in the world.
The era of postmodernism also marked a time when writers around the world began to explore new styles, themes, and methods of storytelling. The emergence of postmodern literature changed the way we view literature, giving readers more options for engaging with texts than ever before. By opening up new possibilities for authors to explore and to challenge readers’ expectations, postmodern literature has had a lasting impact on the way we think about literary movements and their ability to influence the world.
Want to know more? Check out this great video...
https://youtu.be/aT2UKo2RMCgDecember 18, 2022
The Death of Bohemianism and How to Avoid it
From the mid-nineteenth century, Montmarte in Paris became home to the city’s larger-than-life characters commonly known as the bohemians. The term bohemian is derived from the French word bohèmein which was used to describe the Romani people who make their way to Paris via Bohemia, which was bounded on the south by Austria, by Saxony on the north, by Bavaria on the west, and by Moravia on the east.
Interestingly, the name Bohemia actually comes from the Celtic people know as the Boii; however, by the fifth or sixth century the Slavic Czechs had firmly established themselves in the area. But back to the France… In the French imagination, literary and artistic bohemians were associated with Romani people because there were outsiders.
,There are two elements, at least, that are essential to Bohemianism. The first is devotion or addiction to one or more of the Seven Arts; the other is poverty. Other factors suggest themselves: for instance, I like to think of my Bohemians as young, as radical in their outlook on art and life; as unconventional, and, though this is debatable, as dwellers in a city large enough to have the somewhat cruel atmosphere of all great cities). ,~ Parry, 2005
The bohemian movement of late 19th century Paris believed that art and literature should be revolutionary, progressive, and radical. They shunned the Salon (the institution that controlled the art and literary market in France until the turn of the 20th century) and favoured the concept of living outside of the bourgeois, mainstream culture. They would gather in cafés and drink absinthe as they discussed politics, workers’ rights, and or course, art and literature with like-minded practitioners.
Many bohemians were political anarchists or members of the Commune de Paris, a revolutionary government that seized power in Paris from March to May in 1871. In two short months, they established policies that favoured a progressive, anti-religious system of social democracy, which included a separation of church and state, the abolition of child labour, and the remission of rent, and all Roman Catholic schools and churches were closed. The ideas of both Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were influenced by the Commune de Paris.
The Belle ÈpoqueThe history of Montmarte’s streets and café life are well documented. And it was the one and only place to be during the Belle Èpoque (the Beautiful Epoch), generally considered to have spanned the years 1871 to 1914 and the outbreak of World War I.
,A Bohemian is simply an artist or “litterateur” who, consciously or unconsciously, secedes from conventionality in life and in art. ~ ,Westminster Review,, 1862
When you hear the word bohemian, you immediately think of eccentric artists living a life of pleasure and sexual freedom in 19th century Paris. Citizens of the world, these libertine and unbridled souls for whom artistic and sensual pleasures were primordial necessities, crowded together in notoriously wretched parts of the city where they could afford to rent the floor space (often unfit for habitation) necessary to practice and develop their creative work. The bohemians were often viewed as quirky and strange, and the imagination that drove them to create, often destroyed them too.
However, there was another reason why so many creatives were drawn to the region—tax free wine! At the turn of the 20th century, Montmarte remained outside official city limits, which meant wine was not subject to Parisian taxes. The fact that Montmarte was awash with vineyards went a long way to making the location even more attractive.
It’s well known that artists Vincent Van Gogh, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, and Pablo Picasso spent time in Montmarte. Alexandre Dumas fils (son of the famous Alexandre Dumas) was and author and playwright. Heinrich Heine, a renowned German poet and essayist is one of Montmarte’s most famous foreign residents. And Stendhal, one of France’s greatest writers, described by Neitzsche as “France’s last great psychologist”, also made his home in the humble village.
The BourgeoisieOften associated with unorthodox or anti-establishment political or social viewpoints, everything the bohemians did and said was in response to the bourgeoisie values and traditions, which they viewed as haphazard, vapid, and hypocritical. They were often described as rebels who enjoyed expressing their contempt for their bourgeois adversaries.
Living in poverty became a characteristic feature of the bohemian lifestyle, which in turn was romanticised and idealised in the artists’ work. The accumulation of money or wealth was not their priority or even their end goal. Money was viewed as nothing more than a means of survival so they could practice their art, so they could live for their art. Some of them stayed secluded preferring to spend their entire lives creating art, music, or literature.
However, surprisingly, many bohemians came from bourgeois families. Living in poverty was an aesthetic choice and viewed as a rite of passage. These bohemians simply did not share the concerns of the working class.
For those who did not come from privileged backgrounds, if they were successful and their art was popular, the money they earned from the sale of their words provided them entrée into the bourgeois class they abhorred.
The bohemian lifestyle is often depicted as unorthodox, carefree, and full of joie-de-vivre; however, the reality is living in poverty is hard and anxious existence. When those born of privilege had endured their rite of passage, they returned to their family’s well-heeled embrace.
The Bohème CircleMany bohemians belonged a ‘circle’, a group whose members knew each other and shared similar opinions and mindsets, much like the Salons they eschewed but without any control whatsoever over the literary marketplace. Led by a host who steered the course of discussion and kept the event lively, these circles met regularly to drink and to share readings and intellectual discussions on topics of interest pertaining to art, politics, and philosophy of the day. The free and open discussion meant it was a place where many bohemians felt they “belonged”.
Interestingly, the haute bohème (literally “upper bohemian”) was a circle for the more economically privileged, wealthy, or even aristocratic bohemians.
The Death of Bohemianism and How to Avoid itThe true bohemian movement began to die out at the turn of the 20th century. However, Montmarte and the bohemians represented potential and the idea that anything was possible. Whether its inhabitants aspired to paint a great masterpiece, compose a magnificent symphony, or to pen a great novel, Montmarte was home to that conceivability.
While the original bohemians have long since shuffled off this mortal coil, their spirit well and truly lived on. In modern times, bohemian subcultures sprang up in capitalist cities across the Western world. The cheapest neighbourhoods in these cities, London’s Soho and Covent Garden, New York’s East Village, and LA’s Loft District became enclaves for nouveau bohemians who embraced the spirit and lifestyle of the Paris originals. Even in Melbourne, our own bohemian subculture flourished in the inner-city suburbs of St Kilda and Fitzroy.
And, of course, the movement had a huge influence of later movements such as surrealism, the beat generation, and even punk rock music.
Now, a combination of gentrification, the Internet, and even the Covid pandemic, has lured (forced?) 21st century bohemians onto the Internet. Digital bohemianism is here, and it is undoubtedly here to stay.
Bohemianism is a way of living. In the classical sense bohemianism was about music, art, or literary pursuits. Today, bohemians are often identified as people who enjoy a loose lifestyle that includes illegal drugs, excessive alcohol, and unprotected sex.
And while I may no longer be young, I am proudly and staunchly bohemian in the classical sense of the word. I believe that it is more important, and more valuable, to create art than it is to create wealth.
And without true bohemians, the world would be a truly boring and characterless place. So, in the spirit of doing my part to keep the movement alive, I will be hosting my first ever online Bohemian Writers’ Circle on the 20th January, 2023.
Will I see you there?
The Seven ArtsIn case you’re wondering, historically the Seven Arts were:
· Astronomy
· Mathematics
· Geometry
· Music
· Rhetoric
· Grammar
· Dialectic (logic)
In modern times, they are considered to be:
· Life Sciences
· Physical Sciences
· Logic, Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science
· Philosophy
· History
· Social Science
· Creative Arts
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