John Joseph Hughes was the Archbishop of New York in 1860. He was born in Ireland in 1797. His family emigrated to the United States in 1816, and he followed them the next year. He studied at Mount St. Mary’s Seminary in Maryland, and he was ordained in 1826 in Philadelphia where he acquired a reputation as a vigorous defender of the church. He was appointed the coadjutor bishop of New York in 1837; he was consecrated as the fourth bishop of New York in 1842 and as the first archbishop of New...